PKwc'8Ö¼3¯LFLFrefs.MYDöçF8üÑ|þÿ?EFrojd, S. Mauri, M. Mirjami, P. von der Pahlen, B. Kaltiala-Heino, R.2007RAdult and peer involvement in help-seeking for depression in adolescent population945-952.Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology4212ArticleDec?Help-seeking among adolescents and adults is often perceived as a process involving only the health care system and the individual suffering from psychiatric symptoms. The present study attempted to create a model of help-seeking also including members of adolescents social networks. A prospective follow-up design included a school-based survey on all ninth grade students (mean age 15.5) during the academic year 2002-2003 in two Finnish towns (N = 3,278; response rate 94%); and a follow-up conducted two years later (N = 2,080; response rate 63%). The respondents were assessed for current depression and help-seeking for depression and other mental health problems each time. In the follow-up they were asked if they felt that they need help for depression and if their mother, father, sibling, peers, boy- or girl-friend or teacher had been worried about changes in their mood or behaviour. The associations of perceived need for help, help-seeking behaviour and concerns of different people, with depression at baseline were studied. Stepwise logistic regression models were computed to find the best predictors for help-seeking for depression. One third of the adolescents meeting R-BDI-13 criteria for depression at baseline still perceived a need for help for depression two years later but only a fifth of them had sought professional help. Depression at baseline was significantly associated with concerns about changes in mental health or behaviour among parents and significant others; and the concerns of mother, peers and teacher were among the best predictors of recent help-seeking for depression. To ensure adequate intervention for depressed adolescents without a social network capable of prompting referral, routine screening for depression should be applied in primary health care services and specialized services for adolescents.://000251373700001cFrojd, Sari Marttunen, Mauri Pelkonen, Mirjami von der Pahlen, Bettina Kaltiala-Heino, Riittakerttu 0933-7954ISI:00025137 × ÇF$üÑ|þÿ?UNieminen, T. Martelin, T. Koskinen, S. Harkanen, T. Aromaa, A. Simpura, J. Alanen, E.2008`Measurement and socio-demographic variation of social capital in a large population-based survey405-423Social Indicators Research853ArticleFeb% Objectives The main objective of this study was to describe the variation of individual social capital according to socio-demographic factors, and to develop a suitable way to measure social capital for this purpose. The similarity of socio-demographic variation between the genders was also assessed. Data and methods The study applied cross-sectional data from the national Finnish Health 2000 survey (n = 8,028) which represents the adult population, aged 30 years and over. Several variables indicating social capital were condensed to dimensions on the basis of factor analysis. Participants were categorized into tertiles in each dimension of social capital by means of factor scores. The multinomial logistic regression model was used to produce the adjusted prevalences for the dimensions of social capital according to socio-demographic categories (age, gender, education, living arrangements, income, and type of region). Results Three dimensions of social capital were distinguished: social support, social participation and networks, and trust and reciprocity. Age had an inverse association with social support as well as participation and networks, and a curvilinear association between age and trust and reciprocity, the oldest age groups showing the highest level of trust. Married persons and those in the highest educational and income groups tended to have more social capital than other persons. Residents of urban and rural regions did not systematically differ from each other in their level of social capital although residents of urban regions participated less and showed less trust than people living in semi-urban or rural regions. Social support varied significantly with gender. The decline of social support by age was steeper in women than in men. Social participation and networks increased with education, the gradient appearing steeper among men. The difference between married and cohabiting men was substantial compared to women when it came to trust. Conclusions People who are young, married, educated, and well-off have plenty of social capital. This information might help various services to concentrate the actions on the people in danger of social exclusion. Our results also form a basis for the future by allowing the changes in social capital to be examined over time and over different studies.://000251309500003UNieminen, T. Martelin, T. Koskinen, S. Harkanen, T. Aromaa, A. Simpura, J. Alanen, E. 0303-8300ISI:0002513 óFüÑ|þÿ?Viikari, L. A. Huupponen, R. K. Viikari, J. S. A. Marniemi, J. Eklund, C. Hurme, M. Lehtimaki, T. Kivimaki, M. Raitakari, O. T.2007JRelationship between leptin and C-reactive protein in young Finnish adults 4753-47580Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism9212ArticleDecàContext: Leptin and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations are increased in inflammation, and both have been linked to increased risk for cardiovascular diseases. Objective: The objective of the study was to explore in a population-based sample whether the relation between leptin and CRP is independent of obesity level and whether genetic causes of CRP elevation contribute to leptin levels. Design: This was a population-based study including 1862 young adults (971 women; 891 men) aged 24-39 yr. Setting: The study was conducted at five centers in Finland. Main Outcome Measures: Associations between leptin and CRP adjusted for obesity indices, risk factors, genetic variables, and lifestyle variables were measured. Results: Women had 3.0-fold higher median concentrations of leptin (12.5 vs. 4.1 ng/ml) and 1.3-fold higher median concentrations of CRP (0.75 vs. 0.56 mg/liter) than men ( P < 0.0001 in both comparisons). In univariate analyses, CRP and leptin were significantly intercorrelated ( r = 0.47, P < 0.0001 for women; r = 0.46, P < 0.0001 for men). In multiple regression analysis including age, body mass index, waist circumference, insulin, lipids, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, smoking status, and use of oral contraceptives in women, leptin was the main determinant of CRP in men (P < 0.0001) and the second most important determinant in women (P < 0.0001). A Mendelian randomization test based on genetic variants in the CRP gene (five single nucleotide polymorphisms) provided no support for CRP as a causal agent for leptin. Conclusions: Leptin, obesity, and oral contraceptive use in women were the main factors related to CRP. The relation between leptin and CRP was independent of obesity and cardiovascular risk factors.://000251399700041™Viikari, Liisa A. Huupponen, Risto K. Viikari, Jorma S. A. Marniemi, Jukka Eklund, Carita Hurme, Mikko Lehtimaki, Terho Kivimaki, Mika Raitakari, Olli T. 0021-972XISI:0002513–‡EèüÑ|þÿ?aKataja-Tuomola, M. Sundell, J. R. Mannisto, S. Virtanen, M. J. Kontto, J. Albanes, D. Virtamo, J.2008`Effect of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on the incidence of type 2 diabetes47-53 Diabetologia511ArticleJanÜAims/hypothesis Type 2 diabetes is associated with reduced antioxidant defence. Only a few human studies have investigated the role of antioxidants in the pathogenesis of diabetes. This study aimed to examine whether alpha-tocopherol or beta-carotene affected the occurrence of type 2 diabetes. Methods In the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study, a double-blind, controlled trial, 29,133 male smokers aged 50-69 years were randomised to receive either alpha-tocopherol (50 mg/day) or beta-carotene (20 mg/day) or both agents or placebo daily for 5-8 years (median 6.1 years). Baseline serum samples were analysed for alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene using HPLC. Cases of diabetes were identified from a nationwide Finnish registry of patients receiving drug reimbursement for diabetes. Of 27,379 men without diabetes at baseline, 705 men were diagnosed with diabetes during the follow-up of up to 12.5 years. Results Baseline serum levels of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene were not associated with the risk of diabetes in the placebo group: the relative risk (RR) between the highest and lowest quintiles of alpha-tocopherol was 1.59 (95% CI 0.89-2.84) and that for beta-carotene was 0.66 (95% CI 0.40-1.10). Neither supplementation significantly affected the incidence of diabetes: the RR was 0.92 (95% CI 0.79-1.07) for participants receiving alpha-tocopherol compared with non-recipients and 0.99 (95% CI 0.85-1.15) for participants receiving beta-carotene compared with non-recipients. Conclusions/interpretation Neither alpha-tocopherol nor beta-carotene supplementation prevented type 2 diabetes in male smokers. Serum levels of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene were not associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes.://000251320900008aKataja-Tuomola, M. Sundell, J. R. Mannisto, S. Virtanen, M. J. Kontto, J. Albanes, D. Virtamo, J. 0012-186XISI:00025132ôãEÔüÑ|þÿ?‰Bennett, A. J. Sovio, U. Ruokonen, A. Martikainen, H. Pouta, A. Hartikainen, A. L. Franks, S. Elliott, P. Jarvelin, M. R. McCarthy, M. I.2008‹No evidence that established type 2 diabetes susceptibility variants in the PPARG and KCNJ11 genes have pleiotropic effects on early growth82-85 Diabetologia511ArticleJan½Aims/hypothesis The P12A variant in the PPARG gene and the E23K polymorphism in KCNJ11 are both known to influence individual predisposition to type 2 diabetes. If the effect of these variants on insulin secretion and action were to extend to an influence on early growth (which is largely mediated by insulin), it would offer an explanation for observed associations between low birthweight and subsequent diabetes. Since previous studies of the effects of these variants on early growth have been limited and conflicting, we examined these associations in a large, well-characterised birth cohort. Methods The P12A and E23K variants were genotyped in (respectively) 5,652 and 5,632 individuals from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort of 1966 and we sought associations with early growth phenotypes. Results Neither variant was associated with birthweight (P12A, p=0.42; E23K, p=0.44, additive models) or other measures of early growth. Although a previous report had suggested that the P12A effect on adult insulin sensitivity was restricted to small babies, we were unable to reproduce this finding (p=0.40), nor did we confirm a previous report of an association with gestational age (p=0.23). Conclusions/interpretation Despite a larger sample size than previous studies, we were unable to detect any effect of these variants on early growth. These findings do not support the notion that there are shared genetic determinants of low birthweight and adult diabetes.://000251320900013‹Bennett, A. J. Sovio, U. Ruokonen, A. Martikainen, H. Pouta, A. Hartikainen, A. -L. Franks, S. Elliott, P. Jarvelin, M. -R. McCarthy, M. I. 0012-186XISI:000251 À ¯Eü|ò|þî7‡Kajantie, E. Feldt, K. Raikkonen, K. Phillips, D. I. Osmond, C. Heinonen, K. Pesonen, A. K. Andersson, S. Barker, D. J. Eriksson, J. G.2007uBody size at birth predicts hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to psychosocial stress at age 60 to 70 years4094-100J Clin Endocrinol Metab9211 2007/09/13±Adrenocorticotropic Hormone/blood Aged Area Under Curve Birth Weight/ physiology Female Humans Hydrocortisone/blood Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System/ physiopathology Infant, Newborn Infant, Small for Gestational Age/physiology Linear Models Male Middle Aged Nonlinear Dynamics Pituitary-Adrenal System/ physiopathology Predictive Value of Tests Sex Characteristics Social Class Social Environment Stress, Psychological/ physiopathologyNovWBACKGROUND: Studies in humans and animals have suggested intrauterine programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPAA) function as an important mechanism in linking fetal life conditions with adult disease. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to assess how body size at birth, a marker of intrauterine conditions, is associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to psychosocial stress in late adulthood. DESIGN AND SETTING: We conducted a clinical study in the Helsinki Birth Cohort. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred eighty-seven men and women born between 1934 and 1944 whose birth measurements and gestational age came from hospital records participated in the study. MEASUREMENTS: We measured salivary cortisol and, for 215 individuals, plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations in conjunction with a standardized psychosocial stressor (Trier Social Stress Test). RESULTS: There was a linear relationship between low birth weight and low plasma ACTH but no linear relationship with cortisol. There were, however, quadratic relationships between birth weight and salivary (mixed model P = 0.001) and plasma cortisol (P = 0.005) but not with plasma ACTH (P = 0.1). The lowest peak salivary cortisol concentrations were seen in the lowest third of birth weights (adjusted for gestational age and sex): 12.9 nmol/liter (95% confidence interval of mean 11.2-15.0), compared with 17.1 nmol/liter (14.8-19.8) in the middle and 14.1 nmol/liter (12.6-15.7) in the highest third of birth weights. Corresponding figures for plasma cortisol were 418 nmol/liter (380-459), 498 nmol/liter (455-545), and 454 nmol/liter (428-482), and for plasma ACTH 8.17 pmol/liter (6.98-9.57), 12.42 pmol/liter (10.64-14.51), and 11.50 (10.06-13.14), respectively. Results for areas under the curve were similar. CONCLUSIONS: We found an inverse U-shaped relationship between birth weight and cortisol concentrations during psychosocial stress. The lowest cortisol and ACTH concentrations were seen in subjects with the lowest birth weights. These results support the hypothesis that both hyper- and hypocortisolism may be programmed during the fetal period.QKajantie, Eero Feldt, Kimmo Raikkonen, Katri Phillips, David I W Osmond, Clive Heinonen, Kati Pesonen, Anu-Katriina Andersson, Sture Barker, David J P Eriksson, Johan G Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Nov;92(11):4094-100. Epub 2007 Sep 11.0021-972X (Print)178484055.799¨National Public Health Institute, Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland. eero.kajantie@helsinki.fi-jc.2007-1539 [pii] 10.1210/jc.2007 É|ò|þî7RJoutsenniemi, K. Martelin, T. Kestila, L. Martikainen, P. Pirkola, S. Koskinen, S.2007:Living arrangements, heavy drinking and alcohol dependence480-91Alcohol Alcohol425 2007/03/21Adult Aged Alcoholic Beverages Alcoholism/ epidemiology/ psychology Data Collection Education Family Female Finland/epidemiology Humans Life Style Male Marital Status Middle Aged Odds Ratio Questionnaires Religion Sex Factors Social Environment UrbanizationSep-OctõAIMS: To assess the variation in heavy drinking and alcohol dependence by living arrangements, and the contribution of social and behavioural factors to this variation. DESIGN: The Health 2000 survey is a nationally representative cross-sectional survey conducted in Finland in 2000-2001 (N = 4589 in the age-range of 30-54 years, response rate 81%). MEASUREMENTS: Living arrangements; married, cohabiting, living with other(s) than a partner, and living alone. Consumption of beer, wine and spirits in the past month was converted into grams of alcohol/week, and heavy drinking was classified as > or =280 (men) and > or =140 (women) grams/week. Twelve-month prevalence of alcohol dependence was diagnosed by a mental health interview (CIDI). FINDINGS: As compared to the married, cohabiting and living alone associated with heavy drinking (age-adjusted OR; 95% CI: 1.71;1.17-2.49 and OR 2.15;1.55-3.00 in men; OR 1.54;0.96-2.46 and OR 1.67;1.07-2.63 in women) and alcohol dependence (OR 2.29;1.44-3.64 and OR 3.66;2.39-5.59 in men; OR 2.56;1.10-5.94 and OR 4.43;2.03-9.64 in women). Living with other(s) than a partner associated with heavy drinking. Those who cohabited without children or lived alone had the highest odds for alcohol dependence. Among both genders, adjusting for main activity and financial difficulties attenuated the odds for heavy drinking and alcohol dependence by approximately 5-30% each, and additionally among women adjusting for urbanisation attenuated the odds for heavy drinking by approximately 15-45%. CONCLUSIONS: Cohabiting and living alone are associated with heavy drinking and alcohol dependence. Unemployment, financial difficulties and low social support, and among women also living in an urban area, seem to contribute to the excess risk.øJoutsenniemi, Kaisla Martelin, Tuija Kestila, Laura Martikainen, Pekka Pirkola, Sami Koskinen, Seppo Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England Alcohol and alcoholism (Oxford, Oxfordshire) Alcohol Alcohol. 2007 Sep-Oct;42(5):480-91. Epub 2007 Mar 16.0735-0414 (Print)173692852.061˜National Public Health Institute (KTL), Department of Health and Functional Capacity, Mannerheimintie 166, Helsinki, Finland. kaisla.joutsenniemi@ktl.fi(agm011 [pii] 10.1093/alcalc/agm011 [doi]eng3209000135.247 09000085.247-1539 [doi]eng 997000415.799 095000030.565 37000011.577PK˜b'8¸ñI/Ø*Ø*refs.FRMþ 0¾B< !¾// €!€HÿPRIMARYÿyearIndexÿØ 6©¯ByP/) idreference_type text_stylesauthoryear title pages secondary_title volume numbernumber_of_volumessecondary_authorplace_published publishersubsidiary_authoredition keywords type_of_workdate2)  abstractlabelurltertiary_titletertiary_author notes isbn custom_1 custom_2 custom_3 custom_4alternate_titleaccession_number call_number short_title custom_5 custom_6sectionoriginal_publicationH) reprint_editionreviewed_itemauthor_addressimagecaption custom_7 electronic_resource_number link_to_pdf translated_author translated_titlename_of_databasedatabase_providerresearch_notes language access_datelast_modified_date !! 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