PK l":D҄refs.MYD z||7<Bots, S. Tijhuis, M. Giampaoli, S. Kromhout, D. Nissinen, A.2008wLifestyle- and diet-related factors in late-life depression--a 5-year follow-up of elderly European men: the FINE study478-84Int J Geriatr Psychiatry235 2007/11/03Aged Aged, 80 and over Alcohol Drinking/ psychology Depressive Disorder/ etiology Diet/ psychology Europe Exercise/ physiology/psychology Follow-Up Studies Health Behavior Health Status Humans Life Style Male Odds Ratio Socioeconomic FactorsMayOBJECTIVE: Late-life depression is one of the main health problems among elderly populations and a key element of healthy ageing. Causal relationships of lifestyle- and diet-related factors in late-life depression are unclear. This study investigates prospective associations of lifestyle- and diet-related factors with development of categorically defined late-life depression in a well-documented population of elderly European men. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Altogether 526 not-demented and not-depressed European men aged 70-89 at baseline were included in the analyses. The association of lifestyle-related and dietary factors with development of categorically defined depression (> =48/80 on the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale) was assessed in a follow-up of 5 years. RESULTS: Eleven percent (n=59) of the men developed depression during follow-up. An independent association with development of depression was found for baseline depressive status [Odds Ratio (OR) 1.19, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.10-1.28, p<0.001], a decline in serum total cholesterol level between study years (OR 1.76, 95%CI: 1.01-3.04, p=0.045), physical activity (OR 0.97, 95%CI: 0.94-1.00, p=0.022) and moderate alcohol intake (OR 0.35, 95%CI: 0.14-0.87, p=0.023) but not for dietary factors. CONCLUSIONS: This study of a well-documented population of elderly European men confirms that physical activity and moderate alcohol consumption may protect against depression in the old-old. Our results are the first to suggest that a decline in serum cholesterol level may predict development of late-life depression. As the effects of age, medication and incipient cognitive decline could not be entirely ruled out; this finding must be interpreted with care.Bots, Sinikka Tijhuis, Marja Giampaoli, Simona Kromhout, Daan Nissinen, Aulikki Multicenter Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England International journal of geriatric psychiatry Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008 May;23(5):478-84.0885-6230 (Print)179758462.197yDepartment of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland. Sinikka.Bots@ktl.fi10.1002/gps.1919 [doi]eng ||7aKataja-Tuomola, M. Sundell, J. R. Mannisto, S. Virtanen, M. J. Kontto, J. Albanes, D. Virtamo, J.2008`Effect of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplementation on the incidence of type 2 diabetes47-53 Diabetologia511 2007/11/13Aged Antioxidants/therapeutic use Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/ epidemiology/ prevention & control Dietary Supplements Double-Blind Method Humans Incidence Male Middle Aged Placebos Risk Smoking Time Factors alpha-Tocopherol/blood/ therapeutic use beta Carotene/blood/ therapeutic useJanAIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Type 2 diabetes is associated with reduced antioxidant defence. Only a few human studies have investigated the role of antioxidants in the pathogenesis of diabetes. This study aimed to examine whether alpha-tocopherol or beta-carotene affected the occurrence of type 2 diabetes. METHODS: In the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention (ATBC) Study, a double-blind, controlled trial, 29,133 male smokers aged 50-69 years were randomised to receive either alpha-tocopherol (50 mg/day) or beta-carotene (20 mg/day) or both agents or placebo daily for 5-8 years (median 6.1 years). Baseline serum samples were analysed for alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene using HPLC. Cases of diabetes were identified from a nationwide Finnish registry of patients receiving drug reimbursement for diabetes. Of 27,379 men without diabetes at baseline, 705 men were diagnosed with diabetes during the follow-up of up to 12.5 years. RESULTS: Baseline serum levels of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene were not associated with the risk of diabetes in the placebo group: the relative risk (RR) between the highest and lowest quintiles of alpha-tocopherol was 1.59 (95% CI 0.89-2.84) and that for beta-carotene was 0.66 (95% CI 0.40-1.10). Neither supplementation significantly affected the incidence of diabetes: the RR was 0.92 (95% CI 0.79-1.07) for participants receiving alpha-tocopherol compared with non-recipients and 0.99 (95% CI 0.85-1.15) for participants receiving beta-carotene compared with non-recipients. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Neither alpha-tocopherol nor beta-carotene supplementation prevented type 2 diabetes in male smokers. Serum levels of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene were not associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes.{Kataja-Tuomola, M Sundell, J R Mannisto, S Virtanen, M J Kontto, J Albanes, D Virtamo, J N01-CN-45165/CN/NCI NIH HHS/United States N01-RC-37004/RC/CCR/United States N01-RC-45035/RC/CCR/United States Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Germany Diabetologia Diabetologia. 2008 Jan;51(1):47-53. Epub 2007 Nov 10.0012-186X (Print)179942925.247Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300, Helsinki, Finland. merja.kataja-tuomola@ktl.fi10.1007/s00125-007-0864-0 [doi]eng 36/thx.2007.094060  1205-007-9153-z xlet.2008.06.678  10.1038/ng.91 osenv.2008.07.019 0b013e3181772129 `JxHof Impaired Parents/ statistics & numerical data Child, Preschool Female Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Male Mothers/ psychology/ statistics & numerical data Prevalence Psychotic Disorders/ epidemiology/ psychologyAugBACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest that offspring of mothers with psychotic disorders have an almost two-fold higher mortality risk from birth until early adulthood. We investigated predictors of mortality from late adolescence until middle age in offspring of mothers with psychotic disorders. METHOD: The Helsinki High-Risk Study follows up offspring (n=337) of women treated for schizophrenia spectrum disorders in mental hospitals in Helsinki before 1975. Factors related to mortality up to 2005 among offspring of these mothers was investigated with a survival model. Hazard rate ratios (HRR) were calculated using sex, diagnosis of psychotic disorder, childhood socio-economic status, maternal diagnosis, and maternal suicide attempts and aggressive symptoms as explanatory variables. The effect of family was investigated by including a frailty term in the model. We also compared mortality between the high-risk group and the Finnish general population. RESULTS: Within the high-risk group, females had lower all-cause mortality (HRR 0.43, p=0.05) and mortality from unnatural causes (HRR 0.24, p=0.03) than males. Having themselves been diagnosed with a psychotic disorder was associated with higher mortality from unnatural causes (HRR 4.76, p=0.01), while maternal suicide attempts were associated with higher suicide mortality (HRR 8.64, p=0.03). Mortality in the high-risk group was over two-fold higher (HRR 2.44, p<0.0001) than in the general population, and remained significantly higher when high-risk offspring who later developed psychotic disorders were excluded from the study sample (HRR 2.30, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Offspring of mothers with psychotic disorder are at increased risk of several adverse outcomes, including premature death.Suvisaari, J Hakkinen, L Haukka, J Lonnqvist, J Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England Psychological medicine Psychol Med. 2008 Aug;38(8):1203-10. Epub 2007 Nov 30.0033-2917 (Print)18047770}Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland. jaana.suvisaari@ktl.fi7S0033291707002383 [pii] 10.1017/S0033291707002383 [doi]engE||7-Kallio, M. K. Koskinen, S. V. Prattala, R. S.2008WFunctional disabilities do not prevent the elderly in Finland from eating regular meals97-103Appetite511 2008/02/15)Activities of Daily Living Aged Aged, 80 and over Aging/ physiology/ psychology Cookery Diet/ statistics & numerical data Diet Surveys Eating/physiology/psychology Educational Status Female Finland Food Habits Health Status Humans Income Interviews as Topic Male Social Class Socioeconomic FactorsJulThe aim of this study was to depict the prevalence of different meal patterns of the elderly in Finland and to analyse the role of socio-demographic factors, functional capacity and help received as the determinants of following a conventional meal pattern. A nationally representative sample of elderly people aged 65 years and over and living at home (n=1697) in 2000-2001 was obtained. A structured (personal) interview was used for data collection. Regular hot meals are common among the elderly. Functional disability affecting the carrying out of food-related activities does not have an independent effect on the regularity of meals. The conventional meal pattern, which consists of breakfast, a hot lunch and a hot dinner, is more seldom followed by the elderly who have a low socio-economic status than by those whose educational level and monthly income are higher. The help received in carrying out food-related activities contributes to the ability to maintain a conventional meal pattern. In order to allow elderly people to live independently at home for as long as possible, special attention should be paid to the problems regarding meals in the lower socio-economic groups.Kallio, Maija Katariina Koskinen, Seppo Vaino Pellervo Prattala, Ritva Sylvia England Appetite Appetite. 2008 Jul;51(1):97-103. Epub 2007 Dec 28.0195-6663 (Print)182722511.929National Public Health Institute, Department of Health and Functional Capacity, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland. maija.kallio@agronomiliitto.fi=S0195-6663(07)00434-5 [pii] 10.1016/j.appet.2007.12.006 [doi]eng ||7Castaneda, A. E. Suvisaari, J. Marttunen, M. Perala, J. Saarni, S. I. Aalto-Setala, T. Aro, H. Koskinen, S. Lonnqvist, J. Tuulio-Henriksson, A.2008Cognitive functioning in a population-based sample of young adults with a history of non-psychotic unipolar depressive disorders without psychiatric comorbidity36-45J Affect Disord1101-2 2008/02/19/Adult Age Factors Age of Onset Cognition Disorders/ diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology Comorbidity Control Groups Depressive Disorder/ diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology Female Finland/epidemiology Humans Male Neuropsychological Tests/statistics & numerical data Patient Dropouts Severity of Illness IndexSep/BACKGROUND: There is evidence for cognitive dysfunction in unipolar depression among middle-aged and elderly patients, but cognitive functioning among depressed young adults has scarcely been systematically investigated. The aims of the present study were to examine cognitive functioning among depressed young adults identified from the general population and to determine whether cognitive deficits vary as a function of different disorder characteristics, such as severity and age at onset. METHODS: Performance in verbal and visual short-term memory, verbal long-term memory and learning, attention, processing speed, and executive functioning was compared between a population-based sample of 21-35-year-olds with a lifetime history of non-psychotic unipolar depressive disorders without psychiatric comorbidity (n=68) and healthy controls derived from the same population (n=70). RESULTS: Depressed young adults were not found to be impaired in any of the assessed cognitive functions, except for some suggestion of mildly compromised verbal learning. Nevertheless, younger age at depression onset was associated with more impaired executive functioning. LIMITATIONS: The results may slightly underestimate of the true association between depression and cognitive impairments in the young adult population due to possible dropout of participants. Additionally, the problem of multiple testing was not entirely corrected. CONCLUSION: The findings from this study indicate that a lifetime history of non-psychotic unipolar depressive disorders among young adults without psychiatric comorbidity may be associated only with minimal cognitive deficits, even when some residual depressive symptoms are prevalent. However, early-onset depression may represent a more severe form of the disorder, associated with more cognitive dysfunction.Castaneda, A E Suvisaari, J Marttunen, M Perala, J Saarni, S I Aalto-Setala, T Aro, H Koskinen, S Lonnqvist, J Tuulio-Henriksson, A Comparative Study Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Netherlands Journal of affective disorders J Affect Disord. 2008 Sep;110(1-2):36-45. Epub 2008 Feb 14.0165-0327 (Print)182799723.144{Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland. anu.castaneda@ktl.fi;S0165-0327(08)00020-7 [pii] 10.1016/j.jad.2007.12.239 [doi]eng 038/ajh.2008.272 8-1520 [doi]Eng  553000802360836 j.jaut.2008.04.024 j.nmd.2008.06.287  503300701429958 /s00127-008-0343-z 9965.epi-08-0345 9-08 [doi]Eng 186-08 [doi]Eng $lol Comorbidity Cross Infection/ epidemiology Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology Female Finland/epidemiology Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/epidemiology Hospitals Humans Male Middle Aged Prevalence Sex Factors Surgical Wound Infection/epidemiology Urinary Tract Infections/epidemiologyJul%The objectives of the first national prevalence survey on healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) in Finland were to assess the extent of HAI, distribution of HAI types, causative organisms, prevalence of predisposing factors and use of antimicrobial agents. The voluntary survey was performed during February-March 2005 in 30 hospitals, including tertiary and secondary care hospitals and 10 (25%) other acute care hospitals in the country. The overall prevalence of HAI was 8.5% (703/8234). Surgical site infection was the most common HAI (29%), followed by urinary tract infection (19%) and primary bloodstream infection or clinical sepsis (17%). HAI prevalence was higher in males, among intensive care and surgical patients, and increased with age and severity of underlying illness. The most common causative organisms, identified in 56% (398/703) of patients with HAIs, were Escherichia coli (13%), Staphylococcus aureus (10%) and Enterococcus faecalis (9%). HAIs caused by multi-resistant microbes were rare (N = 6). A total of 122 patients were treated in contact isolation due to the carriage of multi-resistant microbes. At the time of the survey, 19% of patients had a urinary catheter, 6% central venous line and 1% were ventilated. Antimicrobial treatment was given to 39% of patients. These results can be used for prioritising infection control measures and planning more detailed incidence surveillance of HAI. The survey was a useful tool to increase the awareness of HAI in participating hospitals and to train infection control staff in diagnosing HAIs.Lyytikainen, O Kanerva, M Agthe, N Mottonen, T Ruutu, P Finnish Prevalence Survey Study Group Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England The Journal of hospital infection J Hosp Infect. 2008 Jul;69(3):288-94. Epub 2008 Apr 25.0195-6701 (Print)18439716LNational Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland. outi.lyytikainen@ktl.fi<S0195-6701(08)00119-9 [pii] 10.1016/j.jhin.2008.03.005 [doi]eng ||7Soronen, P. Silander, K. Antila, M. Palo, O. M. Tuulio-Henriksson, A. Kieseppa, T. Ellonen, P. Wedenoja, J. Turunen, J. A. Pietilainen, O. P. Hennah, W. Lonnqvist, J. Peltonen, L. Partonen, T. Paunio, T.2008cAssociation of a nonsynonymous variant of DAOA with visuospatial ability in a bipolar family sample438-42Biol Psychiatry645 2008/05/10\Analysis of Variance Bipolar Disorder/ genetics/ physiopathology Carrier Proteins/ genetics Catechol O-Methyltransferase/genetics Family Health Female Gene Frequency Genetic Predisposition to Disease Genotype Humans Linkage Disequilibrium Male Neuropsychological Tests Photic Stimulation Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide Space Perception/ physiologySep 1BACKGROUND: Bipolar disorder and schizophrenia are hypothesized to share some genetic background. METHODS: In a two-phase study, we evaluated the effect of five promising candidate genes for psychotic disorders, DAOA, COMT, DTNBP1, NRG1, and AKT1, on bipolar spectrum disorder, psychotic disorder, and related cognitive endophenotypes in a Finnish family-based sample ascertained for bipolar disorder. RESULTS: In initial screening of 362 individuals from 63 families, we found only marginal evidence for association with the diagnosis-based dichotomous classification. Those associations did not strengthen when we genotyped the complete sample of 723 individuals from 180 families. We observed a significant association of DAOA variants rs3916966 and rs2391191 with visuospatial ability (Quantitative Transmission Disequilibrium Test [QTDT]; p = 4 x 10(-6) and 5 x 10(-6), respectively) (n = 159) with the two variants in almost complete linkage disequilibrium. The COMT variant rs165599 also associated with visuospatial ability, and in our dataset, we saw an additive effect of DAOA and COMT variants on this neuropsychological trait. CONCLUSIONS: The ancestral allele (Arg) of the nonsynonymous common DAOA variant rs2391191 (Arg30Lys) was found to predispose to impaired performance. The DAOA gene may play a role in predisposing individuals to a mixed phenotype of psychosis and mania and to impairments in related neuropsychological traits.uSoronen, Pia Silander, Kaisa Antila, Mervi Palo, Outi M Tuulio-Henriksson, Annamari Kieseppa, Tuula Ellonen, Pekka Wedenoja, Juho Turunen, Joni A Pietilainen, Olli P H Hennah, William Lonnqvist, Jouko Peltonen, Leena Partonen, Timo Paunio, Tiina Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States Biological psychiatry Biol Psychiatry. 2008 Sep 1;64(5):438-42. Epub 2008 May 7.1873-2402 (Electronic)184668798.456VDepartment of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.@S0006-3223(08)00394-6 [pii] 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.03.028 [doi]eng 10.1093/aje/kwn221 844000058.391 ajp.2008.08010085 0.005 [doi]Eng .cca.2008.07.015  031936.00052507 Immunol159 2008/07/04fAdult Aged Aged, 80 and over Aging/ immunology Antibodies, Bacterial/ blood Antigens, Bacterial/ immunology Bacterial Capsules/ immunology Bacterial Proteins/ immunology Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Female Humans Immunoglobulin G/blood Immunoglobulin M/blood Male Middle Aged Pneumococcal Infections/ immunology Sex Factors Virulence Factors/ immunologySepmElderly individuals are susceptible to pneumococcal infections. Although factors contributing to the increased susceptibility of the elderly to bacterial infections may be several, compromised immune function, a consequence of normal human ageing, is widely accepted to play a role. We evaluated the effect of ageing on the concentrations of naturally acquired antibodies to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides (PPS) and protein antigens. The concentrations of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies to the PPS of serotypes 3, 4, 6B, 9V, 14, and 23F and IgG antibodies to the pneumococcal virulence-associated proteins CbpA, LytC, PhtD and its C-terminal fragment (PhtD C), NanA, PspA fam1, and PspA fam2 were measured by enzyme immunoassay in the sera of younger (30 to 64 years of age) and elderly (65 to 97 years of age) adults. The concentrations of anti-PPS IgG against serotypes 3 and 6B, of anti-PPS IgM against serotypes 3, 4, 6B, 9V, and 23F, and of anti-protein IgG against all tested antigens were significantly lower in the elderly than in younger adults. A stronger decline in anti-PPS antibody concentrations was seen with age in women compared to men, while anti-protein antibody concentrations were mainly similar between the genders. Age, gender, and the nature of the antigen have substantial and varying effects on the antibody concentrations in the sera of adults.Simell, Birgit Lahdenkari, Mika Reunanen, Antti Kayhty, Helena Vakevainen, Merja Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2008 Sep;15(9):1391-7. Epub 2008 Jul 2.1556-679X (Electronic)18596205LDepartment of Vaccines, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.-CVI.00110-08 [pii] 10.1128/CVI.00110-08 [doi]eng 6/adc.2007.132951 -5448.2008.00415.x 2166/wh.2008.050 -3038.2007.00666.xhlosis in the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register: findings from a 10-year birth cohort sample198-203Nord J Psychiatry623 2008/07/09Adult Bipolar Disorder/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology Cohort Studies Cross-Sectional Studies Diagnosis, Differential Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Female Finland Humans International Classification of Diseases Male Patient Discharge/ statistics & numerical data Psychometrics/statistics & numerical data Psychotic Disorders/ diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology Registries Reproducibility of Results Schizophrenia/ diagnosis/epidemiology Schizophrenic Psychology The purpose of this study was to investigate the diagnostic validity of schizophrenia in the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register (FHDR) with a large, epidemiologically representative sample using a multidiagnostic approach (DSM-III-R, DSM-IV, ICD-10), and to find additional criteria that could be used to improve the validity of schizophrenia diagnosis in future register-based research that utilizes the FHDR. The study population consisted of all individuals (n=877) who were born in Helsinki, Finland, between 1 January 1951 and 31 December 1960, and who had had at least one diagnosis of schizophrenia, schizophreniform disorder or schizoaffective disorder in the FHDR. All their available hospital case notes were collected. The total number of subjects for whom case notes were obtained was 806. We used the OPCRIT system (version 3.4) to produce diagnoses according to ICD-10, DSM-III-R and DSM-IV criteria based on the information extracted from the hospital case notes. We examined the distribution of the DSM-III-R, DSM-IV and ICD-10 diagnoses generated by the OPCRIT and calculated the proportion of individuals who received the same diagnosis in the FHDR and in the OPCRIT assessment. The proportion of subjects who received a core schizophrenia spectrum diagnosis (schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or schizophreniform disorder) in both the FHDR and OPCRIT assessment varied between 75% (DSM-III-R criteria) and 78% (ICD-10 criteria). Of the subjects with a narrow schizophrenia diagnosis in the FHDR, between 74% (DSM-IV) and 78% (ICD-10) received a diagnosis of schizophrenia in the reassessment depending on the diagnostic criteria applied. Eighty per cent of those who had received a core schizophrenia spectrum FHDR diagnosis after 1982 (vs. 56% of those who had received their last schizophrenia diagnosis in 1982 or before) received a DSM-IV diagnosis of core schizophrenia spectrum disorder. Of the 58 subjects in the sample who had been given at various times diagnoses of both core schizophrenia diagnosis and bipolar I diagnosis in FHDR, 43% received a core schizophrenia spectrum diagnosis according to DSM-IV criteria. The validity of the FHDR schizophrenia diagnosis is acceptable for large-scale register studies and comparable with that of other Nordic registers. Diagnostic validity can be further improved by selecting subjects who have core schizophrenia spectrum disorder as the latest diagnosis, by omitting cases diagnosed before 1982, and by excluding cases with a register diagnoses of both a core schizophrenia spectrum and bipolar I disorder.Pihlajamaa, Johanna Suvisaari, Jaana Henriksson, Markus Heila, Hannele Karjalainen, Elisa Koskela, Johanna Cannon, Mary Lonnqvist, Jouko Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Norway Nordic journal of psychiatry Nord J Psychiatry. 2008;62(3):198-203.1502-4725 (Electronic)18609031fDepartment of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland./794492548 [pii] 10.1080/08039480801983596 [doi]eng E 3^||7NMiettinen, M. Veckman, V. Latvala, S. Sareneva, T. Matikainen, S. Julkunen, I.2008Live Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Streptococcus pyogenes differentially regulate Toll-like receptor (TLR) gene expression in human primary macrophages1092-100 J Leukoc Biol844 2008/07/16Cell Culture Techniques Cytokines/pharmacology Gene Expression Regulation Humans Interferon-alpha/genetics Interferon-beta/genetics Lactobacillus rhamnosus/ physiology Luciferases/genetics Macrophages/cytology/microbiology/ physiology Polymerase Chain Reaction RNA, Messenger/genetics Streptococcus pyogenes/ physiology Toll-Like Receptor 2/ genetics Toll-Like Receptors/ genetics Transfection Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/geneticsOctMacrophages are phagocytes that recognize bacteria and subsequently activate appropriate innate and adaptive immune responses. TLRs are essential in identifying conserved bacterial structures and in initiating and mediating innate immune responses. In this work, we have characterized TLR gene expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages in response to stimulation with two live Gram-positive bacteria, a human commensal and probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), and an important human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes. LGG and S. pyogenes enhanced TLR2 expression in macrophages. LGG and S. pyogenes also required TLR2 for NF-kappaB activation. Only pathogenic S. pyogenes was able to up-regulate TLR3 and TLR7 gene expression. This up-regulation was dependent on IFN-alpha/beta, as neutralizing anti-IFN-alpha/beta antibodies reduced S. pyogenes-induced TLR3 and TLR7 mRNA expression. Our results show that despite similarities, TLR responses of macrophages differ for a Gram-positive probiotic and a pathogen. Our data suggest that macrophages can discriminate between probiotic and pathogenic bacteria by IFN-mediated TLR gene regulation.Miettinen, Minja Veckman, Ville Latvala, Sinikka Sareneva, Timo Matikainen, Sampsa Julkunen, Ilkka Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States Journal of leukocyte biology J Leukoc Biol. 2008 Oct;84(4):1092-100. Epub 2008 Jul 14.0741-5400 (Print)186259094.128Department of Viral Diseases and Immunology, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland. minja.miettinen@gmail.com+jlb.1206737 [pii] 10.1189/jlb.1 466000084.624 8878 [doi]Eng 660000189.127 12.013 [doi]Eng 4S8Clinical case review: a method to improve identification of true clinical and radiographic pneumonia in children meeting the World Health Organization definition for pneumonia95BMC Infect Dis8 2008/07/23Female Hospitalization Humans Infant Male Philippines Pneumococcal Vaccines Pneumonia/ diagnosis/prevention & control/radiography Pneumonia, Bacterial/diagnosis Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic Retrospective Studies Severity of Illness Index World Health Organization2BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization's (WHO) case definition for childhood pneumonia, composed of simple clinical signs of cough, difficult breathing and fast breathing, is widely used in resource poor settings to guide management of acute respiratory infections. The definition is also commonly used as an entry criteria or endpoint in different intervention and disease burden studies. METHODS: A group of paediatricians conducted a retrospective review of clinical and laboratory data including C-reactive protein concentration and chest radiograph findings among Filipino children hospitalised in the Bohol Regional Hospital who were enrolled in a pneumococcal vaccine efficacy study and had an episode of respiratory disease fulfilling the WHO case definition for clinical pneumonia. Our aim was to evaluate which disease entities the WHO definition actually captures and what is the probable aetiology of respiratory infections among these episodes diagnosed in this population. RESULTS: Among the 12,194 children enrolled to the vaccine study we recorded 1,195 disease episodes leading to hospitalisation which fulfilled the WHO criteria for pneumonia. In total, 34% of these episodes showed radiographic evidence of pneumonia and 11% were classified as definitive or probable bacterial pneumonia. Over 95% of episodes of WHO-defined severe pneumonia (with chest indrawing) had an acute lower respiratory infection as final diagnosis whereas 34% of those with non-severe clinical pneumonia had gastroenteritis or other non-respiratory infection as main cause of hospitalisation. CONCLUSION: The WHO definition for severe pneumonia shows high specificity for acute lower respiratory infection and provides a tool to compare the total burden of lower respiratory infections in different settings. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN62323832.+Puumalainen, Taneli Quiambao, Beatriz Abucejo-Ladesma, Erma Lupisan, Socorro Heiskanen-Kosma, Tarja Ruutu, Petri Lucero, Marilla G Nohynek, Hanna Simoes, Eric A F Riley, Ian ARIVAC Research Consortium Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England BMC infectious diseases BMC Infect Dis. 2008 Jul 21;8:95.1471-2334 (Electronic)18644109mNational Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland. taneli.puumalainen@ktl.fi11471-2334-8-95 [pii] 10.1186/1471-2334-8-95 [doi]eng xlet.2008.06.323 .1093/ije/dyn117 G.0b013e32830e6d98 0.2337/db08-0331 648.2008.04817.x  420326x08096011 277000051.951 T^protein D4546-53 Infect Immun7610 2008/07/23hAge Factors Antibodies, Bacterial/blood/ immunology Bacterial Proteins/ antagonists & inhibitors Carrier Proteins/ antagonists & inhibitors Humans Immunoglobulin D Immunoglobulin G/blood/immunology Infant Lipoproteins/ antagonists & inhibitors Neutralization Tests Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases/ metabolism Pneumococcal Vaccines/ immunology Vaccines, ConjugateOctHaemophilus influenzae outer membrane protein D (PD) is a glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GlpQ) activity-possessing virulence factor and a promising vaccine antigen, providing 35.3% efficacy against acute otitis media caused by nontypeable H. influenzae (NTHI) when it was used as a carrier protein in a novel pneumococcal PD conjugate (Pnc-PD) vaccine. To study if PD-induced protection against NTHI could be due to antibodies that inhibit or neutralize its enzymatic activity, a GlpQ enzyme inhibition assay was developed, and serum samples collected from Finnish infants before and after Pnc-PD vaccination were analyzed for enzyme inhibition and anti-PD immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody concentration. Before vaccination at age 2 months, the majority (84%) of infants (n = 69) had no detectable anti-PD IgG antibodies, and all were enzyme inhibition assay negative (inhibition index, <20). At age 13 to 16 months, all infants receiving three or four doses of Pnc-PD had detectable anti-PD IgG antibodies and 36% (8/22 infants) of the infants receiving three doses and 26% (6/23 infants) of the infants receiving four doses of Pnc-PD were inhibition assay positive (inhibition index, >/=20). No significant rise in anti-PD IgG antibodies or enzyme inhibition among control vaccinees (n = 24) receiving three doses of hepatitis B vaccine was detected. A modest correlation (r(s), approximately 0.66) between anti-PD IgG concentration and enzyme inhibition was detected; however, their kinetics were clearly different. These data suggest that measurement of antibody responses that inhibit PD's enzymatic activity could be a useful tool for assessing Pnc-PD vaccine-induced protective immunity against NTHI.Toropainen, Maija Raitolehto, Anna Henckaerts, Isabelle Wauters, Dominique Poolman, Jan Lestrate, Pascal Kayhty, Helena Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States Infection and immunity Infect Immun. 2008 Oct;76(10):4546-53. Epub 2008 Jul 21.1098-5522 (Electronic)18644877Department of Vaccines, Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, National Public Health Institute, KTL, Helsinki, Finland. maija.toropainen@ktl.fi-IAI.00418-08 [pii] 10.1128/IAI.00418-08 [doi]eng ||79Holma, K. M. Melartin, T. K. Holma, I. A. Isometsa, E. T.2008zPredictors for switch from unipolar major depressive disorder to bipolar disorder type I or II: a 5-year prospective study1267-75J Clin Psychiatry698 2008/08/07Adult Bipolar Disorder/ diagnosis/ psychology Depressive Disorder, Major/ diagnosis/ psychology Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders Female Humans Male Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology Personality Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology Personality Inventory Phobic Disorders/diagnosis/epidemiology/psychology Predictive Value of Tests Prospective StudiesAugOBJECTIVE: In this naturalistic study, we investigated the rate, time course, and predictors of a diagnostic switch from unipolar major depressive disorder (MDD) to bipolar disorder type I or II during a 5-year follow-up. METHOD: The Vantaa Depression Study included at baseline 269 psychiatric outpatients (82.9%) and inpatients (17.1%) with DSM-IV MDD, diagnosed using structured and semi-structured interviews and followed up at 6 months, 18 months, and 5 years between February 1, 1997 and April 30, 2004. Information on 248 MDD patients (92.2%) was available for analyses of the risk of diagnostic switch. Cox proportional hazards models were used. RESULTS: Twenty-two subjects (8.9%) with previous unipolar MDD switched to bipolar disorder type II and 7 (2.8%) to type I. Median time for switch to bipolar type I was significantly shorter than to type II. In Cox proportional hazards analyses, severity of MDD (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.15, p = .036), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (HR = 5.00, 95% CI = 2.04 to 12.5, p < .001), social phobia (HR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.00 to 5.26, p = .050), and large number of cluster B personality disorder symptoms (HR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.20, p = .022) predicted switch. CONCLUSION: Among outpatients with MDD in secondary level psychiatric settings, diagnostic switch to bipolar disorder usually refers to type II rather than type I. The few switching to bipolar type I do so relatively early. Predictors for diagnostic switch include not only features of mood disorder, such as severity, but may also include some features of psychiatric comorbidity, such as concurrent social phobia, OCD, and symptoms of cluster B personality disorders.Holma, K Mikael Melartin, Tarja K Holma, Irina A K Isometsa, Erkki T Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States The Journal of clinical psychiatry J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Aug;69(8):1267-75.1555-2101 (Electronic)186817535.060fDepartment of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.ej07m03901 [pii]eng 1038/ejhg.2008.93 30882 [doi]Eng .jpeds.2007.10.043l3nen, M.2008zMannose-binding lectin concentrations, MBL2 polymorphisms, and susceptibility to respiratory tract infections in young men1247-53 J Infect Dis1988 2008/08/30"Adolescent Adult Asthma/complications/genetics Exons/genetics Finland Genetic Predisposition to Disease Humans Male Mannose-Binding Lectin/ blood/genetics Military Personnel Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics Respiratory Tract Infections/ genetics/immunologyOct 15:BACKGROUND: Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is an important component of innate immunity, and its deficiency is associated with susceptibility to recurrent infections. METHODS: This exploratory study investigated the association of serum MBL concentrations and MBL2 gene polymorphisms with respiratory tract infections in young men. We genotyped 6 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region (alleles H/L, X/Y, and P/Q) and exon 1 (variant alleles B, C, and D and wild-type allele A) of the MBL2 gene by real-time polymerase chain reaction and measured serum MBL concentrations in 111 Finnish military recruits with asthma and 362 without. RESULTS: An MBL level below the median concentration was a significant risk factor for infections (asthma status-adjusted odds ratio [OR], 2.5 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 1.4-4.5]). Among the 6 SNPs, there was a significant association between the promoter Y/Y genotype and infections (OR, 2.3 [95% CI, 1.2-4.4]) and a borderline significant association between exon 1 variant alleles and infections (OR, 1.7 [95% CI, 0.9-3.1]), after adjustment for asthma status. CONCLUSION: These preliminary results suggest, for the first time, an association between MBL level and respiratory tract infections in young men and a possible association between infections and MBL2 polymorphisms.Rantala, Aino Lajunen, Taina Juvonen, Raija Bloigu, Aini Silvennoinen-Kassinen, Sylvi Peitso, Ari Saikku, Pekka Vainio, Olli Leinonen, Maija Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States The Journal of infectious diseases J Infect Dis. 2008 Oct 15;198(8):1247-53.0022-1899 (Print)18729778DNational Public Health Institute, Oulu, Finland. aino.rantala@ktl.fi10.1086/591912 [doi]eng 15789c [doi]Eng Dls, D. E. Lahdenkari, M. I. Kilpi, T. M. Kayhty, H. M.2008iDevelopment of antibodies to PspA families 1 and 2 in children after exposure to Streptococcus pneumoniae1529-35Clin Vaccine Immunol1510 2008/08/30Adult Antibodies, Bacterial/ analysis/ blood Bacterial Proteins/ immunology Carrier State/immunology Child, Preschool Family Health Humans Immunoenzyme Techniques/methods Immunoglobulin A/analysis/blood Immunoglobulin G/analysis/blood Infant Otitis Media/immunology/microbiology Pneumococcal Infections/ immunology Saliva/ immunology Streptococcus pneumoniae/ immunology/isolation & purificationOctPneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is an important virulence factor of Streptococcus pneumoniae. PspA exists as two major families, which include variable but serologically cross-reactive proteins. Previous studies with a family 1 PspA antigen suggested that children develop low concentrations of anti-PspA after pneumococcal carriage or infection. In this study, antibody to PspA families 1 and 2 was measured by an enzyme immunoassay of the serum and saliva of children with a history of culture-proven pneumococcal colonization and/or acute otitis media and in the serum and saliva of adults. The PspA families of the pneumococcal strains isolated from children were determined. The majority of the children had high serum and salivary anti-PspA concentrations to the PspA family they had encountered and low concentrations to the other, whereas adults had high antibody concentrations to both PspA families, both in serum and in saliva. The results suggest that children have a relatively family-specific antibody response to the PspA family they have been exposed to and that any PspA vaccine for children should contain members of both major PspA families.IMelin, Merit M Hollingshead, Susan K Briles, David E Lahdenkari, Mika I Kilpi, Terhi M Kayhty, Helena M AI21548/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/United States Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States Clinical and vaccine immunology : CVI Clin Vaccine Immunol. 2008 Oct;15(10):1529-35. Epub 2008 Aug 27.1556-679X (Electronic)18753341National Public Health Institute (KTL), Department of Vaccines, Mannerheimintie 166, 00300 Helsinki, Finland. merit.melin@ktl.fi-CVI.00181-08 [pii] 10.1128/CVI.00181-08 [doi]enggW\t||7Varjosalo, M. Taipale, J.2008"Hedgehog: functions and mechanisms2454-72 Genes Dev2218 2008/09/17Animals Body Patterning/physiology Cell Division/physiology Cell Lineage/physiology Cell Survival/physiology Hedgehog Proteins/ physiology HumansSep 15WThe Hedgehog (Hh) family of proteins control cell growth, survival, and fate, and pattern almost every aspect of the vertebrate body plan. The use of a single morphogen for such a wide variety of functions is possible because cellular responses to Hh depend on the type of responding cell, the dose of Hh received, and the time cells are exposed to Hh. The Hh gradient is shaped by several proteins that are specifically required for Hh processing, secretion, and transport through tissues. The mechanism of cellular response, in turn, incorporates multiple feedback loops that fine-tune the level of signal sensed by the responding cells. Germline mutations that subtly affect Hh pathway activity are associated with developmental disorders, whereas somatic mutations activating the pathway have been linked to multiple forms of human cancer. This review focuses broadly on our current understanding of Hh signaling, from mechanisms of action to cellular and developmental functions. In addition, we review the role of Hh in the pathogenesis of human disease and the possibilities for therapeutic intervention.Varjosalo, Markku Taipale, Jussi Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Review United States Genes & development Genes Dev. 2008 Sep 15;22(18):2454-72.0890-9369 (Print)1879434314.795Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute (KTL), and Genome-Scale Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, Institute of Biomedicine and High Throughput Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.*22/18/2454 [pii] 10.1101/gad.169||7-Kristiansson, K. Naukkarinen, J. Peltonen, L.2008<Isolated populations and complex disease gene identification109 Genome Biol98 2008/09/06Alleles Disease/ genetics Founder Effect Genetic Heterogeneity Genetic Variation Genomics Haplotypes Humans Linkage Disequilibrium Social Isolation1The utility of genetically isolated populations (population isolates) in the mapping and identification of genes is not only limited to the study of rare diseases; isolated populations also provide a useful resource for studies aimed at improved understanding of the biology underlying common diseases and their component traits. Well characterized human populations provide excellent study samples for many different genetic investigations, ranging from genome-wide association studies to the characterization of interactions between genes and the environment.Kristiansson, Kati Naukkarinen, Jussi Peltonen, Leena Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England Genome biology Genome Biol. 2008;9(8):109. Epub 2008 Aug 26.1465-6914 (Electronic)187715886.589mNational Public Health Institute and FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki 00300, Finland.3gb-2008-9-8-109 [pii] 10.1186/gb-2008-9-8-109 [doi]eng ~|7XHeikkinen, E. Xing, D. K. Olander, R. M. Hytonen, J. Viljanen, M. K. Mertsola, J. He, Q.2008JBordetella pertussis isolates in Finland: serotype and fimbrial expression162 BMC Microbiol8 2008/09/26`Adolescent Adult Antibodies, Bacterial/blood Bordetella pertussis/ classification/genetics/ immunology/isolation & purification Child Child, Preschool Female Fimbriae Proteins/genetics/ immunology Finland/epidemiology Gene Expression Humans Immunoglobulin G/blood Infant Male Middle Aged Serotyping Whooping Cough/epidemiology/ immunology/ microbiologyBACKGROUND: Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough or pertussis in humans. It produces several virulence factors, of which the fimbriae are considered adhesins and elicit immune responses in the host. B. pertussis has three distinct serotypes Fim2, Fim3 or Fim2,3. Generally, B. pertussis Fim2 strains predominate in unvaccinated populations, whereas Fim3 strains are often isolated in vaccinated populations. In Finland, pertussis vaccination was introduced in 1952. The whole-cell vaccine contained two strains, 18530 (Fim3) since 1962 and strain 1772 (Fim2,3) added in 1976. After that the vaccine has remained the same until 2005 when the whole-cell vaccine was replaced by the acellular vaccine containing pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin. Our aims were to study serotypes of Finnish B. pertussis isolates from 1974 to 2006 in a population with > 90% vaccination coverage and fimbrial expression of the isolates during infection. Serotyping was done by agglutination and serotype-specific antibody responses were determined by blocking ELISA. RESULTS: Altogether, 1,109 isolates were serotyped. Before 1976, serotype distributions of Fim2, Fim3 and Fim2,3 were 67%, 19% and 10%, respectively. From 1976 to 1998, 94% of the isolates were Fim2 serotype. Since 1999, the frequency of Fim3 strains started to increase and reached 83% during a nationwide epidemic in 2003. A significant increase in level of serum IgG antibodies against purified fimbriae was observed between paired sera of 37 patients. The patients infected by Fim3 strains had antibodies which blocked the binding of monoclonal antibodies to Fim3 but not to Fim2. Moreover, about one third of the Fim2 strain infected patients developed antibodies capable of blocking of binding of both anti-Fim2 and Fim3 monoclonal antibodies. CONCLUSION: Despite extensive vaccinations in Finland, B. pertussis Fim2 strains were the most common serotype. Emergence of Fim3 strains started in 1999 and coincided with nationwide epidemics. Results of serotype-specific antibody responses suggest that Fim2 strains could express Fim3 during infection, showing a difference in fimbrial expression between in vivo and in vitro.Heikkinen, Eriikka Xing, Dorothy K Olander, Rose-Marie Hytonen, Jukka Viljanen, Matti K Mertsola, Jussi He, Qiushui Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England BMC microbiology BMC Microbiol. 2008 Sep 25;8:162.1471-2180 (Electronic)188164122.982Pertussis Reference Laboratory, National Public Health Institute, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520 Turku, Finland. Eriikka.Heikkinen@ktl.fi31471-2180-8-162 [pii] 10.1186/1471-2180-8-162 [doi]eng l~|7<Muhonen, L. H. Lahti, J. Sinclair, D. Lonnqvist, J. Alho, H.2008Treatment of alcohol dependence in patients with co-morbid major depressive disorder--predictors for the outcomes with memantine and escitalopram medication20Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy3 2008/10/07Adult Aged Alcoholism/ drug therapy/psychology Antidepressive Agents, Second-Generation/ therapeutic use Citalopram/ therapeutic use Depressive Disorder, Major/ drug therapy/psychology Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry) Dopamine Agents/ therapeutic use Double-Blind Method Female Humans Interview, Psychological Male Memantine/ therapeutic use Middle Aged Serotonin Uptake Inhibitors/ therapeutic use Treatment OutcomeBACKGROUND: Alcohol dependence comorbid with major depressive disorder poses a major challenge in the clinical setting. The results in the treatment with selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors have been conflicting. Thus, we compared in alcohol-dependent patients with co-morbid major depressive disorder the selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitor escitalopram to a compound that acts on different transporter system and may reduce craving, the glutamate receptor antagonist memantine. METHODS: Eighty alcohol-dependent patients comorbid with major depressive disorder in municipal alcohol clinics were randomized 1:1 to receive memantine 20 mg or escitalopram 20 mg in a double-blind manner. During the 26-week study period patients continued their routine treatment at the clinics. Abstinence was not required but encouraged. The patients attended visits weekly during the first month, and then at 3 and at 6 months. Outcome measures were Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) and Drinking Diary. RESULTS: The completion rate was high in both groups, especially among the patients who had been abstinent at the beginning of the study. However, among those patients who were not abstinent at baseline, 47% in both groups discontinued the study. Numbers of abstinent days were high in both groups throughout the study. Alcohol consumption measured by the AUDIT QF (quantity-frequency) score was significantly reduced in both groups, as was the craving for alcohol measured by the OCDS. Early age at first alcohol intoxication predicted poor treatment outcomes in patients treated with escitalopram, and the same was seen with the early onset of the first depressive episode. The same predictive effects were not found in patients treated with memantine. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that both memantine and escitalopram are useful adjunct medications for the treatment of alcohol dependence co-morbid with major depression. Memantine was at least as effective with regard to drinking as escitalopram. We believe that a direct comparison of memantine, with the commonly used escitalopram, can provide useful information for clinicians on the treatment of alcohol dependency co-morbid with MDD.Muhonen, Leea H Lahti, Jari Sinclair, David Lonnqvist, Jouko Alho, Hannu Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy. 2008 Oct 3;3:20.1747-597X (Electronic)18834506pNational Public Health Institute, Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, Finland. leea.muhonen@ktl.fi11747-597X-3-20 [pii] 10.1186/1747-597X-3-20 [doi]eng ||7rHappo, M. S. Hirvonen, M. R. Halinen, A. I. Jalava, P. I. Pennanen, A. S. Sillanpaa, M. Hillamo, R. Salonen, R. O.2008Chemical compositions responsible for inflammation and tissue damage in the mouse lung by coarse and fine particulate samples from contrasting air pollution in europe1215-31 Inhal Toxicol2014 2008/10/16NovInflammation is regarded as an important mechanism in mortality and morbidity associated with exposures of cardiorespiratory patients to urban air particulate matter. We investigated the association of the chemical composition and sources of urban air fine (PM(2.5-0.2)) and coarse (PM(10-2.5)) particulate samples with the inflammatory activity in the mouse lung. The particulate samples were collected during selected seasons in six European cities using a high-volume cascade impactor. Healthy C57BL/6J mice were intratracheally instilled with a single dose (10 mg/kg) of the particulate samples. At 4, 12, and 24 h after the exposure, the lungs were lavaged and the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was assayed for indicators of inflammation and tissue damage: cell number, total protein, and cytokines (tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha, interleukin [IL]-6, and KC). Dicarboxylic acids and transition metals, especially Ni and V, in PM(2.5-0.2) correlated positively and some secondary inorganic ions (NO3(-), NH4(+)) negatively with the inflammatory activity. Total organic matter and SO4(2-) had no consistent correlations. In addition, the soil-derived constituents (Ca2+, Al, Fe, Si) showed positive correlations with the PM(2.5-0.2)-induced inflammatory activity, but their role in PM(10-2.5) remained obscure, possibly due to largely undefined biogenic material. Markers of poor biomass and coal combustion, i.e., monosaccharide anhydrides and As, were associated with elevated PAH contents in PM(2.5-0.2) and a consistent immunosuppressive effect. Overall, our results support epidemiological findings that the local sources of incomplete combustion and resuspended road dust are important in urban air particulate pollution-related health effects.Happo, Mikko S Hirvonen, Maija-Riitta Halinen, Arja I Jalava, Pasi I Pennanen, Arto S Sillanpaa, Markus Hillamo, Risto Salonen, Raimo O United States Inhalation toxicology Inhal Toxicol. 2008 Nov;20(14):1215-31.1091-7691 (Electronic)188551531.831^National Public Health Institute and University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland. Mikko.Happo@ktl.fi/904079588 [pii] 10.1080/08958370802147282 [doi]eng8||7Nikkari, S. T. Henttonen, A. Kunnas, T. Kahonen, M. Hutri-Kahonen, N. Juonala, M. Marniemi, J. Viikari, J. Raitakari, O. T. Lehtimaki, T.2008CEstrogen Receptor 2 Polymorphism and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness537-540 Genet Test124 2008/10/23DecAims: The present study was designed to investigate the effects of estrogen receptor 2 gene (ESR2) rs1256049 polymorphism to carotid artery intima-media thickness (CIMT), as part of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. Results: The frequencies of ESR2 genotypes G/G, G/A, and A/A were 85.1%, 14.3%, and 0.7%, respectively, in the whole study population (n = 2211). Compared with subjects with genotype GG, those with the A allele had higher mean CIMT (p = 0.004) and maximal CIMT (p = 0.005). Conclusions: In a Finnish population, the ESR2 rs1256049 polymorphism A allele is associated with preclinical atherosclerosis in young adulthood. Our results and those of others also suggest that some effects of this genetic variation may be population specific.3Genetic testing Genet Test. 2008 Dec;12(4):537-540.1090-6576 (Print)189399431.2181 Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Tampere Medical School , Tampere, Finland ., 2 Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere Medical School , Tampere, Finland ., 3 Department of Pediatrics, University of Tampere Medical School , Tampere, Finland ., 4 Department of Medicine, University of Turku Medical School , Turku, Finland ., 5 Department of Health and Functional Capacity, Population Research Laboratory, National Public Health Institute, Turku, Finland ., 6 Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Turku Medical School , Turku, Finland ., 7 Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Tampere Medical School , Tampere, Finland ., 8 Laboratory of Atherosclerosis Genetics, Tampere University Hospital , Tampere, Finland .10.1089/gte.20083P|7OSchreier, N. K. Moltchanova, E. V. Lammi, N. M. Karvonen, M. L. Eriksson, J. G.2008MTemporal variation in case fatality of acute myocardial infarction in Finland1-8Ann Med 2008/10/16Oct 14Background. Previous studies have suggested that seasonal variation and weather conditions have an influence on the incidence and mortality of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The influence of these factors on AMI case fatality is less studied. Aims. The aim of this study was to examine the temporal variation of AMI case fatality and the effect of daily weather conditions on it. Methods. We analysed death registry and hospital discharge data from all men and women (n=7328) with their first AMI occurrence in the seven largest cities in Finland in the years 1983, 1988, and 1993, aged 25 to 74 years. Results. The mean annual 28-day case fatality was 44%. We found significant weekly and monthly variation of case fatality (P<0.001). The December holiday season had the highest case fatality throughout the year in women and men aged 65-74 years (P<0.05). The highest weekly case fatality was on Sundays; it differed significantly from the rest of the weekdays only for the oldest age-group (64-74) (P<0.01). Conclusions. There is significant weekly and monthly variation in case fatality of AMI. The highest case fatality risk for AMI is during the Christmas season and on Sundays. Weather conditions were not found to have an effect on the case fatality.,Annals of medicine Ann Med. 2008 Oct 14:1-8.1365-2060 (Electronic)188551915.779?National Public Health Institute of Finland, Helsinki, Finland./904090170 [pii] 10.1080/078538908023 W||7gKanerva, M. Ollgren, J. Virtanen, M. J. Lyytikainen, O. On Behalf Of The Prevalence Survey Study, Group2008Risk factors for death in a cohort of patients with and without healthcare-associated infections in Finnish acute care hospitals353-360 J Hosp Infect704 2008/10/28Dec>We evaluated risk factors for death among hospitalised patients with healthcare-associated infections (HCAIs) using the McCabe classification and Charlson index to predict mortality. The study consisted of a cohort of 703 patients with HCAIs and 7531 patients without HCAI in acute care hospitals participating in the Finnish national prevalence survey in 2005. We used Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definitions for HCAIs and recorded the McCabe classification for comorbidity. We used the date from the prevalence survey and the patient's national identity code in order to retrieve data from the National Hospital Discharge Registry on discharge diagnoses (International Classification of Diseases-10 codes) for the Charlson index and the dates of death from the National Population Information System. Of all inpatients, 425 (5.2%) died within 28 days from the prevalence survey date; the death rate was higher in HCAI patients than in those without HCAI (9.8% vs 4.7%, P<0.001). In the multivariate regression analysis age >65 years, intensive care, McCabe classification and Charlson index, gastrointestinal system infection and pneumonia/other lower respiratory tract infections were independent predictors for death. The survival analysis, when adjusted by McCabe class or Charlson index, showed that HCAI reduced survival only among patients without severe underlying diseases. Certain types of HCAI increased the risk of death. The McCabe classification had advantages over the Charlson index as a predictor of death, because it was easier to collect from a prevalence survey.ZThe Journal of hospital infection J Hosp Infect. 2008 Dec;70(4):353-360. Epub 2008 Oct 31.0195-6701 (Print)189516602.470National Finnish Hospital Infection Program (SIRO), National Public Health Institute, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki University Central Hospital, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Helsinki, Finland.<S0195-6701(08)00348-4 [pii] 10.1016/j.jhin.2008.08.009 [doi]EngF|7uIbrahem, S. Salmenlinna, S. Virolainen, A. Kerttula, A. M. Lyytikainen, O. Jagerroos, H. Broas, M. Vuopio-Varkila, J.2008dCarriage of methicillin- resistant staphylococci and their SCCmec types in a long term care facilityJ Clin Microbiol 2008/10/31Oct 29Following an outbreak caused by staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type V methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a point-prevalence survey of nasal carriage of staphylococci was conducted in a long-term care facility in northern Finland in 2004. The focus was directed on methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MR-CNS) and their SCCmec elements. A nasal swab was taken from 76 of the 80 residents six months after the onset of the outbreak. Staphylococcal isolates were identified by conventional methods and the GenoType(R) Staphylococcus test, and their SCCmec elements were analyzed. Of the 76 individuals, 24 (32%) carried S. aureus and 67 (88%) CNS in their nostrils. Of the CNS carriers, 41 (61%) had at least one mecA-positive MR-CNS and two individuals (3%) had both MRSA and MR-S. epidermidis (MRSE). Amongst the 61 MR-CNS isolates identified, 49 (80%) were MRSE. The distribution of the SCCmec types was diverse: 20 (33%) were of type IV, 11 (18%) of type V, 4 (6%) of type I or IA, 3 (4%) of type II, and 23 (38%), were new types (with six different combinations of ccr and other mec genes, or only mecA). Both of the individuals with MRSA and MRSE shared SCCmec type V amongst their isolates. Nasal MR-CNS carriage was common among the residents of this long term care facility. A variety of SCCmec types, including many new types, were identified among the MR-CNS strains. Horizontal transfer of SCCmec elements is speculated based on the sharing of SCCmec type V between MRSA and MRSE.?Journal of clinical microbiology J Clin Microbiol. 2008 Oct 29.1098-660X (Electronic)189713583.708Department of Bacterial and Inflammatory Diseases, and Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Turku University Central Hospital, Turku, Lapland Central Hospital, Rovaniemi, Finland.-JCM.01085-08 [pii] 10.1128/JCM.01085-08 [doi]Eng '||7.Honkanen, J. Skarsvik, S. Knip, M. Vaarala, O.2008}Poor in vitro induction of FOXP3 and ICOS in type 1 cytokine environment activated T-cells from children with type 1 diabetes635-41Diabetes Metab Res Rev248 2008/11/01Nov-DecBACKGROUND: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is characterised by loss of tolerance to beta-cell antigens, and the insulin-producing beta-cells in the pancreatic islets are destroyed by the host's own immune system. Immunological risk factors associated with T1D are related to the defects in the polarization of T-cells and in the function of regulatory T (Treg)-cells. We set out to study whether an impaired induction of regulatory mechanisms during the generation of T-cell responses upon stimulation is associated with T1D. METHODS: Naive T-cells were isolated from 18 children with recent T1D (0-14days from diagnosis; mean age 9.3 years), 11 children who had had T1D for at least 1 year (mean age 10.6) and 14 non-diabetic children (mean age 8.1). CD45RA+ T-cells were stimulated with PHA for 72 h in type 1 cytokine [interleukin (IL)-12 and anti-IL-4] or type 2 cytokine (IL-4 and anti-IL-12) environment. T-cell polarization and regulation related markers were analysed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) (Th1 promoting T-bet, Th2 promoting GATA-3 and regulation related FOXP3, ICOS and NFATc2). RESULTS: Children with recently diagnosed T1D showed decreased induction of FOXP3, ICOS and NFATc2 in T-cells activated in type 1 cytokine milieu (p = 0.007, p = 0.001, and p = 0.02), whereas no differences between the diabetic and healthy children were seen in the up-regulation of activation markers, T-bet and GATA-3. CONCLUSIONS: The poor induction of factors that mediate down-modulation of T-cell responses upon stimulation in type 1 cytokine environment may contribute to the development of autoreactive type 1 responses in T1D.Honkanen, Jarno Skarsvik, Susanne Knip, Mikael Vaarala, Outi Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't England Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2008 Nov-Dec;24(8):635-41.1520-7552 (Print)189732083.087Department of Viral Diseases and Immunology, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland. jarno.honkanen@ktl.fi 10.1002/dmrr.904 [doi]eng ||7Silander, K. Alanne, M. Kristiansson, K. Saarela, O. Ripatti, S. Auro, K. Karvanen, J. Kulathinal, S. Niemela, M. Ellonen, P. Vartiainen, E. Jousilahti, P. Saarela, J. Kuulasmaa, K. Evans, A. Perola, M. Salomaa, V. Peltonen, L.2008FGender differences in genetic risk profiles for cardiovascular diseasee3615PLoS ONE310 2008/11/01 BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence, complications and burden differ markedly between women and men. Although there is variation in the distribution of lifestyle factors between the genders, they do not fully explain the differences in CVD incidence and suggest the existence of gender-specific genetic risk factors. We aimed to estimate whether the genetic risk profiles of coronary heart disease (CHD), ischemic stroke and the composite end-point of CVD differ between the genders. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We studied in two Finnish population cohorts, using the case-cohort design the association between common variation in 46 candidate genes and CHD, ischemic stroke, CVD, and CVD-related quantitative risk factors. We analyzed men and women jointly and also conducted genotype-gender interaction analysis. Several allelic variants conferred disease risk for men and women jointly, including rs1801020 in coagulation factor XII (HR = 1.31 (1.08-1.60) for CVD, uncorrected p = 0.006 multiplicative model). Variant rs11673407 in the fucosyltransferase 3 gene was strongly associated with waist/hip ratio (uncorrected p = 0.00005) in joint analysis. In interaction analysis we found statistical evidence of variant-gender interaction conferring risk of CHD and CVD: rs3742264 in the carboxypeptidase B2 gene, p(interaction) = 0.009 for CHD, and rs2774279 in the upstream stimulatory factor 1 gene, p(interaction) = 0.007 for CHD and CVD, showed strong association in women but not in men, while rs2069840 in interleukin 6 gene, p(interaction) = 0.004 for CVD, showed strong association in men but not in women (uncorrected p-values). Also, two variants in the selenoprotein S gene conferred risk for ischemic stroke in women, p(interaction) = 0.003 and 0.007. Importantly, we identified a larger number of gender-specific effects for women than for men. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: A false discovery rate analysis suggests that we may expect half of the reported findings for combined gender analysis to be true positives, while at least third of the reported genotype-gender interaction results are true positives. The asymmetry in positive findings between the genders could imply that genetic risk loci for CVD are more readily detectable in women, while for men they are more confounded by environmental/lifestyle risk factors. The possible differences in genetic risk profiles between the genders should be addressed in more detail in genetic studies of CVD, and more focus on female CVD risk is also warranted in genome-wide association studies.Silander, Kaisa Alanne, Mervi Kristiansson, Kati Saarela, Olli Ripatti, Samuli Auro, Kirsi Karvanen, Juha Kulathinal, Sangita Niemela, Matti Ellonen, Pekka Vartiainen, Erkki Jousilahti, Pekka Saarela, Janna Kuulasmaa, Kari Evans, Alun Perola, Markus Salomaa, Veikko Peltonen, Leena Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States PLoS ONE PLoS ONE. 2008;3(10):e3615. Epub 2008 Oct 31.1932-6203 (Electronic)18974842lDepartment of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland. kaisa.silander@ktl.fi"10.1371/journal.pone.0003615 [doi]engF|7Karvanen, J. Silander, K. Kee, F. Tiret, L. Salomaa, V. Kuulasmaa, K. Wiklund, P. G. Virtamo, J. Saarela, O. Perret, C. Perola, M. Peltonen, L. Cambien, F. Erdmann, J. Samani, N. J. Schunkert, H. Evans, A.2008{The impact of newly identified loci on coronary heart disease, stroke and total mortality in the MORGAM prospective cohortsGenet Epidemiol 2008/11/04Oct 31eRecently, genome wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as being associated with coronary heart disease (CHD). We estimated the effect of these SNPs on incident CHD, stroke and total mortality in the prospective cohorts of the MORGAM Project. We studied cohorts from Finland, Sweden, France and Northern Ireland (total N=33,282, including 1,436 incident CHD events and 571 incident stroke events). The lead SNPs at seven loci identified thus far and additional SNPs (in total 42) were genotyped using a case-cohort design. We estimated the effect of the SNPs on disease history at baseline, disease events during follow-up and classic risk factors. Multiple testing was taken into account using false discovery rate (FDR) analysis. SNP rs1333049 on chromosome 9p21.3 was associated with both CHD and stroke (HR=1.20, 95% CI 1.08-1.34 for incident CHD events and 1.15, 0.99-1.34 for incident stroke). SNP rs11670734 (19q12) was associated with total mortality and stroke. SNP rs2146807 (10q11.21) showed some association with the fatality of acute coronary event. SNP rs2943634 (2q36.3) was associated with high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and SNPs rs599839, rs4970834 (1p13.3) and rs17228212 (15q22.23) were associated with non-HDL cholesterol. SNPs rs2943634 (2q36.3) and rs12525353 (6q25.1) were associated with blood pressure. These findings underline the need for replication studies in prospective settings and confirm the candidacy of several SNPs that may play a role in the etiology of cardiovascular disease. Genet. Epidemiol. 2008. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Ifor the MORGAM Project Genetic epidemiology Genet Epidemiol. 2008 Oct 31.1098-2272 (Electronic)189794983.338sDepartment of Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.10.1002/gepi.20374 [doi]Eng ||7_Klemets, P. Lyytikainen, O. Ruutu, P. Kaijalainen, T. Leinonen, M. Ollgren, J. Pekka Nuorti, J.2008PTrends and geographical variation in invasive pneumococcal infections in Finland621-8Scand J Infect Dis408 2008/11/04Adolescent Adult Aged Bacteremia/ epidemiology/microbiology Blood/microbiology Cerebrospinal Fluid/microbiology Chi-Square Distribution Child Child, Preschool Female Finland/epidemiology Humans Infant Male Meningitis, Pneumococcal/ epidemiology/microbiology Middle Aged Pneumococcal Infections/ epidemiology/microbiology Pneumococcal Vaccines Serotyping Statistics, Nonparametric Streptococcus pneumoniae/classification/ isolation & purification Young AdultpWe evaluated regional variation and trends in invasive pneumococcal infections (IPI) in Finland by using data from national, population-based laboratory surveillance and number of blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures performed by all microbiology laboratories during 1995-2002. The overall annualized IPI incidence was 10.6/100,000 (range by region, 7.9 15.1): 9.9 for bacteraemias (range 7.3-14.2) and 0.6 for meningitis (range 0.4-1.1). The rate in children aged <5 y was 23.5/100,000. Regional pneumococcal bacteraemia rates were correlated with blood culture sampling rates (p =0.015), but meningitis rates did not correlate with CSF culture rates. During 1995-2002, the overall annual IPI rate increased by 35.1%, from 8.2 to 11.5/100,000 (p<0.001). The annual blood culturing rate increased by 29.6% (p=0.015 for the correlation with IPI rate). Temporal increase and higher regional IPI rates were significantly associated with higher blood culturing rates. Pneumococcal serotypes included in the 7- and 10-valent conjugate vaccines caused 69.8% and 85.2% of IPIs among children aged <5 y and 49.5% and 59.3% in adults, respectively. The true incidence of pneumococcal bacteraemia in Finland may be higher than previously estimated. Introduction of universal childhood pneumococcal conjugate immunization would provide substantial health benefits to Finnish children and adults.Klemets, Peter Lyytikainen, Outi Ruutu, Petri Kaijalainen, Tarja Leinonen, Maija Ollgren, Jukka Pekka Nuorti, J Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Sweden Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases Scand J Infect Dis. 2008;40(8):621-8.0036-5548 (Print)189796001.209iNational Public Health Institute (KTL), Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Helsinki, Finland.eng||7FKerttula, A. M. Mero, S. Pasanen, T. Vuopio-Varkila, J. Virolainen, A.2008yEvaluation of phenotypic and molecular methods for screening and detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus663-6Scand J Infect Dis408 2008/11/04Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics Humans Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects/genetics/ isolation & purification Microbial Sensitivity Tests/ methods Polymerase Chain Reaction Staphylococcal Infections/ diagnosis/microbiology2An in-house PCR was compared with the GenoType MRSA and the MRSA EVIGENE tests, both of which corresponded 100% with the results of in-house PCR. The cefoxitin disk diffusion method was superior to both the oxacillin disk diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration tests for predicting the mecA status.Kerttula, Anne-Marie Mero, Sointu Pasanen, Tanja Vuopio-Varkila, Jaana Virolainen, Anni Evaluation Studies Sweden Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases Scand J Infect Dis. 2008;40(8):663-6.0036-5548 (Print)189796051.209Department of Bacteriology and Inflammatory Diseases, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Helsinki, Finland. anne-marie.kerttula@ktl.fieng3,F|79Schneider, J. Dauber, B. Melen, K. Julkunen, I. Wolff, T.2008nAnalysis of influenza B virus NS1 protein trafficking reveals a novel interaction with nuclear speckle domainsJ Virol 2008/11/07Nov 5Many proteins that function in the transcription, maturation and export of metazoan mRNAs are concentrated in nuclear speckle domains indicating this compartment to be important for gene expression. Here we show that the NS1 protein of influenza B virus (B/NS1) accumulates in nuclear speckles and causes rounding and morphological changes of these domains indicating a disturbance in their normal functions. This property was located within the N-terminal 90 amino acids of the B/NS1 protein and was shown to be independent of any other viral gene product. Within this protein domain, we identified a monopartite, importin-alpha binding nuclear localization signal. Reverse genetic analysis of this motif indicated that nuclear import and speckle association of the B/NS1 protein is required for the full replication capacity of the virus. In the late phase of virus infection the B/NS1 protein relocated to the cytoplasm, which occurred in a CRM1-independent manner. The interaction of the B/NS1 protein with nuclear speckles may reflect a recruitment function to promote viral gene expression. To our knowledge this is the first functional description of a speckle-associated protein that is encoded by a negative strand RNA virus.(Journal of virology J Virol. 2008 Nov 5.1098-5514 (Electronic)189871445.332Robert Koch-Institute, Nordufer 20, 13353 Berlin, Germany; Departments of Viral Diseases and Immunology, National Public Health Institute, FIN-00300, Helsinki, Finland.-JVI.01858-08 [pii] 10.1128/JVI.0185fW1F|7Ripatti, S. Becker, T. Bickeboller, H. Dominicus, A. Fischer, C. Humphreys, K. Jonasdottir, G. Moreau, Y. Olsson, M. Ploner, A. Sheehan, N. Van Steen, K. Baur, M. van Duijn, C. Palmgren, J.2008VGENESTAT: an information portal for design and analysis of genetic association studiesEur J Hum Genet 2008/11/13Nov 12zWe present the rationale, the background and the structure for version 2.0 of the GENESTAT information portal (www.genestat.org) for statistical genetics. The fast methodological advances, coupled with a range of standalone software, makes it difficult for expert as well as non-expert users to orientate when designing and analysing their genetic studies. The ultimate ambition of GENESTAT is to guide on statistical methodology related to the broad spectrum of research in genetic epidemiology. GENESTAT 2.0 focuses on genetic association studies. Each entry provides a summary of a topic and gives links to key papers, websites and software. The flexibility of the internet is utilised for cross-referencing and for open editing. This paper gives an overview of GENESTAT and gives short introductions to the current main topics in GENESTAT, with additional entries on the website. Methods and software developers are invited to contribute to the portal, which is powered by a Wikipedia-type engine and allows easy additions and editing.European Journal of Human Genetics advance online publication, 12 November 2008; doi:10.1038/ejhg.2008.216.GEuropean journal of human genetics : EJHG Eur J Hum Genet. 2008 Nov 12.1018-4813 (Print)190022104.003[1] 1Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden [2] 2FIMM Institute for Molecular Medicine and Department of Molecular Medicine and National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.-ejhg2008216 [pii] 10.1038/ejhg.2008. F|7ELoh, M. M. Houseman, E. A. Levy, J. I. Spengler, J. D. Bennett, D. H.2008fContribution to volatile organic compound exposures from time spent in stores and restaurants and barsJ Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2008/11/13Nov 12(Many people spend time in stores and restaurants, yet there has been little investigation of the influence of these microenvironments on personal exposure. Relative to the outdoors, transportation, and the home, these microenvironments have high concentrations of several volatile organic compounds (VOCs). We developed a stochastic model to examine the effect of VOC concentrations in these microenvironments on total personal exposure for (1) non-smoking adults working in offices who spend time in stores and restaurants or bars and (2) non-smoking adults who work in these establishments. We also compared the effect of working in a smoking versus non-smoking restaurant or bar. Input concentrations for each microenvironment were developed from the literature whereas time activity inputs were taken from the National Human Activity Patterns Survey. Time-averaged exposures were simulated for 5000 individuals over a weeklong period for each analysis. Mean contributions to personal exposure from non-working time spent in stores and restaurants or bars range from <5% to 20%, depending on the VOC and time-activity patterns. At the 95th percentile of the distribution of the proportion of personal exposure attributable to time spent in stores and restaurants or bars, these microenvironments can be responsible for over half of a person's total exposure to certain VOCs. People working in restaurants or bars where smoking is allowed had the highest fraction of exposure attributable to their workplace. At the median, people who worked in stores or restaurants tended to have 20-60% of their total exposures from time spent at work. These results indicate that stores and restaurants can be large contributors to personal exposure to VOCs for both workers in those establishments and for a subset of people who visit these places, and that incorporation of these non-residential microenvironments can improve models of personal exposure distributions.Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology advance online publication, 12 November 2008; doi:10.1038/jes.2008.62.cJournal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2008 Nov 12.1559-064X (Electronic)190022152.880[1] aDepartment of Environmental Health, National Public Health Institute, Kuopio, Finland [2] bExposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.)jes200862 [pii] 10.1038/jes.20I7T||7$Lunetta, P. Impinen, A. Lounamaa, A.2008QUnderreporting of external cause codes in the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register870-4Scand J Public Health368 2008/11/14Nov'BACKGROUND: Hospital discharge data (HDD) represent one of the most valuable information sources for injury prevention and control. OBJECTIVES: To investigate external code of injury (E-code) underreporting in the Finnish National Hospital Discharge Register from 1 January 1987 to 31 December 2004. Material and METHODS: HDD for discharges with an injury as the main diagnosis were extracted from the FNHDR. The selection was made using codes for nature of injury (1987-1995, ICD-9; 1996-2004, ICD-10). The proportion of injury discharges with a missing E-code was examined by sex, age, hospital districts, type of hospital, duration of hospitalization, and nature of injury. RESULTS: In 432,549 (23.1%) of the recorded 1,868,519 discharges, an E-code was missing. The proportion of the discharges with a missing E-code varied among the above variables. During the period 1987-2004, the overall E-code underreporting decreased from 18.0% to 12.8%. The introduction of the ICD-10 in 1996 was followed by a dramatic increase (up to 57.5% of all discharges) in E-code underreporting. CONCLUSIONS: More attention ought to be dedicated to teaching and periodic training on the use of E-codes. Educational activities should specifically target the medical doctors, who, in Finland, are responsible for assigning the E-codes.Lunetta, Philippe Impinen, Antti Lounamaa, Anne Sweden Scandinavian journal of public health Scand J Public Health. 2008 Nov;36(8):870-4.1403-4948 (Print)190049051.222jNational Public Health Institute, Injury Prevention Unit, Helsinki, Finland. philippe.lunetta@helsinki.fi.-36/8/870 [pii] 10.1177/1403494808\F|7Nyamdorj, R. Qiao, Q. Soderberg, S. Pitkaniemi, J. M. Zimmet, P. Z. Shaw, J. E. Alberti, K. G. Pauvaday, V. K. Chitson, P. Kowlessur, S. Tuomilehto, J.2008^BMI Compared With Central Obesity Indicators as a Predictor of Diabetes Incidence in MauritiusObesity (Silver Spring) 2008/11/15Nov 13The aim of the study was to compare BMI with waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-stature ratio (WSR) as a predictor of diabetes incidence. A total of 1,841 men and 2,104 women of Mauritian Indian and Mauritian Creole ethnicity, aged 25-74 years, free of diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, and gout were seen at baseline in 1987 or 1992, and follow-up in 1992 and/or 1998. At all time points, participants underwent a 2 h 75 g oral glucose tolerance test. Hazard ratios for diabetes incidence were estimated applying an interval-censored survival analysis using age as timescale. Six hundred and twenty-eight individuals developed diabetes during the follow-up period. Multivariable adjusted hazard ratios for diabetes incidence corresponding to a 1 s.d. increase in baseline BMI, WC, WHR, and WSR for Mauritian Indians were 1.49 (1.31-1.71), 1.58 (1.38-1.81), 1.54 (1.37-1.72), and 1.61 (1.41-1.84) in men and 1.33 (1.17-1.51), 1.35 (1.19-1.53), 1.39 (1.24-1.55), and 1.38 (1.21-1.57) in women, respectively; and for Mauritian Creoles they were 1.86 (1.51-2.30), 2.07 (1.68-2.56), 1.92 (1.62-2.26), and 2.17 (1.76-2.69) in men and 1.29 (1.06-1.55), 1.27 (1.04-1.55), 1.24 (1.04-1.48), and 1.27 (1.04-1.55) in women. Paired homogeneity tests showed that there was no difference between BMI and each of the central obesity indicators (all P > 0.05). The relation of BMI with the development of diabetes was as strong as that for indicators of central obesity in this study population.Obesity (2008) doi:10.1038/oby.2008.503.BObesity (Silver Spring, Md.) Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008 Nov 13.1930-7381 (Print)190088661.520[1] 1Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland [2] 2Diabetes Unit, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.+oby2008503 [pii] 10.1038/oby.20082||7cSavolainen-Kopra, C. Al-Hello, H. Paananen, A. Blomqvist, S. Klemola, P. Sobotova, Z. Roivainen, M.2009aMolecular epidemiology and dual serotype specificity detection of echovirus 11 strains in Finland32-8 Virus Res1391 2008/11/18JanEchovirus 11 (E-11) has been one of the most frequently discovered human enterovirus (HEV) in Finland during the past few years. We have studied molecular epidemiological patterns of E-11 from 1993 to 2007 exploiting the 257-nucleotide region in the 5'-part of the VP1 used for genetic typing of HEV. Designated genogroup D strains had a striking prevalence among the Finnish strains, a finding in accordance with the recent data from other geographical regions. The subgroup D4, harboring the oldest strains, had become extinct in the beginning of the millennium and D5 strains had taken over. Similarly, a new subgroup of D5 had started to diverge from the main D5 in 2006. However, in addition to endemic D strains, few single strains clustered also to genogroups A and C suggesting importation from more distant locations. The relatively large amino acid sequence variability between and within the genogroups favored the idea of antigenic differences. Neutralization assays confirmed that antigenic differences existed, although all studied E-11 strains were neutralized with antisera against the prototype strain Gregory. Five of the six studied strains belonging to genogroup D were, unexpectedly, also neutralized with antisera against coxsackievirus A9 Griggs.Savolainen-Kopra, Carita Al-Hello, Haider Paananen, Anja Blomqvist, Soile Klemola, Paivi Sobotova, Zdenka Roivainen, Merja Netherlands Virus research Virus Res. 2009 Jan;139(1):32-8. Epub 2008 Nov 28.0168-1702 (Print)190132012.810Enterovirus Laboratory, Department of Viral Diseases and Immunology, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300 Helsinki, Finland.@S0168-1702(08)00351-1 [pii] 10.1016/j.virusres.2008.1JHF|7Sulonen, A. M. Kallio, S. P. Ellonen, P. Suvela, M. Elovaara, I. Koivisto, K. Pirttila, T. Reunanen, M. Tienari, P. J. Palotie, A. Peltonen, L. Saarela, J.2008LNo evidence for shared etiology in two demyelinative disorders, MS and PLOSLJ Neuroimmunol 2008/11/21Nov 17Loss-of-function mutations of DAP12 and TREM2 cause a recessively inherited disease PLOSL, manifesting in brain white matter. The genes of the DAP12-TREM2 signaling receptor are located on 19q13.12 and 6p21.1, to which linkage has been observed also in families affected by another immune-mediated demyelinating disease, MS. We have tested if allelic variation in DAP12 or TREM2 predisposes also to MS by monitoring carrier frequency of the Finnish PLOSL mutation in Finnish MS cases and by studying DAP12 and TREM2 in MS by linkage and association. To conclude, the DAP12-TREM2 complex unlikely has a role in genetic susceptibility of MS.7Journal of neuroimmunology J Neuroimmunol. 2008 Nov 17.0165-5728 (Print)190194602.920Finnish Institute for Molecular Medicine, FIMM, and National Public Health Institute, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.@S0165-5728(08)00446-3 [pii] 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.1{,F|7SPaju, S. Pussinen, P. J. Suominen-Taipale, L. Hyvonen, M. Knuuttila, M. Kononen, E.2008bDetection of multiple pathogenic species in saliva associates with periodontal infection in adultsJ Clin Microbiol 2008/11/21Nov 19RWe investigated whether certain bacterial species and their combinations in saliva can be used as markers for periodontitis. In 1,198 subjects, the detection of multiple species, rather than the presence of a certain pathogen, in saliva associated with periodontitis as determined by the number of teeth with deepened periodontal pockets.?Journal of clinical microbiology J Clin Microbiol. 2008 Nov 19.1098-660X (Electronic)190200693.708Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Department of Health and Functional Capacity, and Department of Bacterial and Inflammatory Diseases, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Helsinki, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, and Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.-JCM.01824-08 [pii] 10.1128/JCM.01 ||7Holl, K. Surcel, H. M. Koskela, P. Dillner, J. Hallmans, G. Wadell, G. Kaasila, M. Olafsdottir, G. H. Ogmundsdottir, H. M. Pukkala, E. Stattino, P. Lehtinen, M.2008Maternal Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus infections and risk of testicular cancer in the offspring: a nested case-control study816-22Apmis1169 2008/11/26Adolescent Adult Antibodies, Viral/blood Case-Control Studies Child Child, Preschool Cohort Studies Cytomegalovirus/ growth & development Cytomegalovirus Infections/blood/ epidemiology/virology Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/blood/ epidemiology/virology Europe/epidemiology Female Herpesvirus 4, Human/ growth & development Humans Immunoglobulin G/blood Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical Male Middle Aged Pregnancy Seroepidemiologic Studies Testicular Neoplasms/epidemiology/ virology Young AdultSep#During recent decades the incidence of testicular cancer (TC) has increased rapidly around the world. Associated exogenous etiological factors might therefore be identifiable. We performed a case-control study nested within Finnish, Swedish and Icelandic maternity cohorts exploiting early pregnancy serum samples to evaluate the role of congenital or neonatal infections with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) as risk factors of TC in the offspring. For each case-index mother pair, three or four matched control-control mother pairs were identified using national population registries. First trimester sera were retrieved from the index mothers of 66 TC cases and 258 matched control mothers, and were tested for antibodies to EBV and CMV. High level of maternal EBV IgG antibodies was associated with significantly increased risk of TC in the offspring (odds ratio (OR), 2.50; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15, 5.40), especially with risk of non-seminoma TC (OR, 2.73; 950% CI, 1.25, 5.99) and non-seminoma TC diagnosed under 8 years of age (OR, 2.72; 95% CI, 1.05, 7.04). In contrast, offspring of CMV IgG-seropositive mothers had a decreased risk of TC diagnosed under 8 years of age (OR, 0.35; 95% CI, 0.14, 0.89). Our results suggest that EBV and CMV infections may be associated with TC.[Holl, Katsiaryna Surcel, Helja-Marja Koskela, Pentti Dillner, Joakim Hallmans, Goran Wadell, Goran Kaasila, Marjo Olafsdottir, Gudridur H Ogmundsdottir, Helga M Pukkala, Eero Stattino, Par Lehtinen, Matti Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Denmark APMIS : acta pathologica, microbiologica, et immunologica Scandinavica APMIS. 2008 Sep;116(9):816-22.0903-4641 (Print)190246021.421rDepartment of Child and Adolescent Health, National Public Health Institute, Oulu, Finland. katsiaryna.holl@uta.fieng F|7sKuula, H. Salo, T. Pirila, E. Tuomainen, A. M. Jauhiainen, M. Uitto, V. J. Tjaderhane, L. Pussinen, P. J. Sorsa, T.2008dPorphyromonas gingivalis-induced periodontitis: local and systemic responses in MMP-8 knock-out mice Infect Immun 2008/11/26Nov 24Periodontitis is a bacterial-induced chronic inflammation that destroys tissues that attach teeth to jaw bone. Pathologically excessive matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) is among the key players in periodontal destruction by initiating type I collagen degradation. We studied MMP-8 in Porphyromonas gingivalis-induced periodontitis by using MMP-8-deficient (MMP8(-/-)) and wild-type (WT) mice. Alveolar bone loss, inflammatory mediator expression, serum immunoglobulin, and lipoprotein responses were investigated to clarify the role of MMP-8 in periodontitis and systemic inflammatory responses. P. gingivalis infection induced accelerated site-specific alveolar bone loss in both MMP8(-/-) and WT mice relative to non-infected mice. The most extensive bone degradation took place in the P. gingivalis-infected MMP8(-/-) group. Surprisingly, MMP-8 significantly attenuated (p < 0.05) P. gingivalis-induced site-specific alveolar bone loss. Increased alveolar bone loss in P. gingivalis-infected MMP8(-/-) and WT mice was associated with increase in gingival neutrophil elastase production. Serum lipoprotein analysis demonstrated changes in the distribution of high density (HDL) and very low density (VLDL) lipoprotein particles; unlike the WT mice, the MMP8(-/-) mice underwent a shift towards a smaller HDL/VLDL particle size. P. gingivalis infection increased HDL/VLDL particle size in the MMP8(-/-) mice, which is an indicator of lipoprotein responses during systemic inflammation. Serum total lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activity and the IgG-class antibody level in response to P. gingivalis were significantly elevated in both infected mice groups. Thus, MMP-8 appears to act in a protective manner inhibiting the development of bacteria-induced periodontal tissue destruction, possibly through processing anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Bacteria-induced periodontitis, especially in MMP8(-/-) mice, is associated with systemic inflammatory and lipoprotein changes that are likely involved in early atherosclerosis.1Infection and immunity Infect Immun. 2008 Nov 24.1098-5522 (Electronic)190293003.996Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum, P.O. Box 63, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland, and Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5281, 90014 University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, and Oulu University Central Hospital (OYS), Oulu, Finland; National Public Health Institute and FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland.-IAI.00873-08 [pii] 10.1128/IAI.00873-08 [doi]Eng`OF|7uRehnstrom, K. Ylisaukko-Oja, T. Nummela, I. Ellonen, P. Kempas, E. Vanhala, R. von Wendt, L. Jarvela, I. Peltonen, L.20086Allelic variants in HTR3C show association with autism%Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008/11/28Nov 26Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are severe neurodevelopmental disorders with a strong genetic component. Only a few predisposing genes have been identified so far. We have previously performed a genome-wide linkage screen for ASDs in Finnish families where the most significant linkage peak was identified at 3q25-27. Here, 11 positional and functionally relevant candidate genes at 3q25-27 were tested for association with autistic disorder. Genotypes of 125 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were determined in 97 families with at least one individual affected with autistic disorder. The most significant association was observed using two non-synonymous SNPs in HTR3C, rs6766410 and rs6807362, both resulting in P = 0.0012 in family-based association analysis. In addition, the haplotype C-C corresponding to amino acids N163-A405 was overtransmitted to affected individuals (P = 0.006). Sequencing revealed no other variants in the coding region or splice sites of HTR3C. Based on the association analysis results in a previously identified linkage region, we propose that HTR3C represents a novel candidate locus for ASDs and should be tested in other populations. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2008 Nov 26.1552-485X (Electronic)190355604.224Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland.10.1002/ajmg.b. F|7&Kemppainen, H. Hyytia, P. Kiianmaa, K.2008vBehavioral Consequences of Repeated Nicotine During Adolescence in Alcohol-Preferring AA and Alcohol-Avoiding ANA RatsAlcohol Clin Exp Res 2008/11/27Nov 19t Background: Epidemiological studies suggest that exposure to nicotine at adolescent age is associated with increased potential to use alcohol and that genetic predisposition may further increase the risk. The present study addressed adolescent vulnerability to repeated nicotine exposure and its influence on subsequent ethanol self-administration by investigating interactions between nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization and voluntary ethanol consumption in alcohol preferring AA (Alko Alcohol) and alcohol nonpreferring ANA (Alko Non-Alcohol) rat lines selected for differential ethanol intake. Methods: Adolescent and adult rats received 10 injections of nicotine (0.5 mg/kg s.c.), given every second day from postnatal day (Pnd) 27 and 75, respectively. Nicotine-induced (0.5 mg/kg) locomotor activity was measured acutely after the first injection, and after the repeated treatment with nicotine on Pnds 52 and 86 in the adolescent groups and on Pnd 99 in the adult groups. After this, acquisition of voluntary ethanol (10% v/v) consumption as well as nicotine-induced (0.5 mg/kg) ethanol intake was measured in the AA rats. Results: Adolescent AA rats were more sensitive than adolescent ANA rats to the locomotor effects of nicotine. They were also stimulated more than adult AA rats, but such a difference was not found among ANA rats. Adolescent and adult rats did not differ in their susceptibility to nicotine-induced behavioral sensitization. Genetic predisposition to ethanol self-administration did not interact with development of behavioral sensitization in either adolescents or adults. Acquisition of ethanol intake was enhanced in the adolescent groups relative to the adult groups in a manner that was independent of the nicotine treatment. An increase in ethanol intake was found after challenging animals with nicotine, and this effect was enhanced in the nicotine-treated adolescent group. Conclusions: These findings provide no or little support for the views that adolescent animals are more sensitive to the neurobehavioral effects of repeated exposure to nicotine and that exposure to nicotine in adolescence may contribute to enhanced vulnerability to ethanol abuse. Furthermore, genetic predisposition to high or low ethanol self-administration does not seem to be a factor that influences individual vulnerability to the neurobehavioral effects of repeated administration of nicotine.QAlcoholism, clinical and experimental research Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2008 Nov 19.1530-0277 (Electronic)190325733.175oFrom the Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.4ACER838 [pii] 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00838.x [doi]Eng ||7dLajunen, T. Vikatmaa, P. Bloigu, A. Ikonen, T. Lepantalo, M. Pussinen, P. J. Saikku, P. Leinonen, M.2008Chlamydial LPS and high-sensitivity CRP levels in serum are associated with an elevated body mass index in patients with cardiovascular disease375-82 Innate Immun146 2008/11/29DecYObjective: Seropositivity for Chlamydia pneumoniae has been associated with an elevated body mass index (BMI). Our aim was to study if serum chlamydial lipopolysaccharide (cLPS), C. pneumoniae antibodies and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels are associated with BMIPatients and Methods : The study population consisted of 174 patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis, abdominal aortic aneurysm or occlusive aortic disease. Information on BMI, diabetes, smoking, hypercholesterolemia, and statin medication was available. Serum C. pneumoniae IgG and IgA antibodies, cLPS, hsCRP and total endotoxin activity (totLPS) were measured.Results: BMI correlated with cLPS (r = 0.197; P < 0.01) and with hsCRP (rho = 0.195; P < 0.01); in addition, there was a positive correlation between cLPS and hsCRP (rho = 0.499; P < 0.01). A trend of an increasing proportion of C. pneumoniae IgG positivity (titre >/= 64; P = 0.018) and higher serum cLPS (P = 0.01) and hsCRP (P = 0.01) concentrations was observed across the BMI groups (BMI /= 30.0 kg/m(2)). Among the three BMI groups, 24.6%, 38.8%, and 48.3% were C. pneumoniae IgG-positive and the median (IQR) cLPS concentrations (ng/ml) of the groups were: 92.6 (50.8-167.0), 128.9 (76.4-163.9), and 146.4 (105.8-175.8), respectively. The median (IQR) hsCRP (mg/l) concentrations of the groups were: 1.70 (0.70-3.05) 1.70 (0.80-5.20), and 3.40 (1.45-8.55), respectively. These associations remained statistically significant in a multivariate analysis.Conclusions: Elevated serum cLPS levels were associated with an elevated BMI. This is a novel finding and it strengthens the link between chlamydial infection and obesity. A lack of association between totLPS and BMI suggests that the association between infection and an elevated BMI may be specific to certain pathogens.Lajunen, Taina Vikatmaa, Pirkka Bloigu, Aini Ikonen, Tuija Lepantalo, Mauri Pussinen, Pirkko J Saikku, Pekka Leinonen, Maija United States Innate immunity Innate Immun. 2008 Dec;14(6):375-82.1753-4259 (Print)19039061bRespiratory Infection Unit, National Public Health Institute, Oulu, Finland. taina.lajunen@ktl.fi.-14/6/375 [pii] 10.1177/1753425908099172 [doi]eng5F|7@Melin, M. Jarva, H. Siira, L. Meri, S. Kayhty, H. Vakevainen, M.2008Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular serotype 19F is more resistant to C3 deposition and less sensitive to opsonophagocytosis than serotype 6B Infect Immun 2008/12/03Dec 1The polysaccharide capsule is a major virulence mechanism of Streptococcus pneumoniae shielding the bacterium from phagocytes. Capsule types may differ in their abilities to resist immune defence. Antibody-mediated complement activation and opsonophagocytosis are crucial in protection against pneumococcus. Conjugate vaccine trials suggest imperfect protection against 19F. We have previously shown that significantly more anti-19F than anti-6B antibody is needed for killing in the opsonophagocytic assay. In this study we explored whether the amount of C3 deposited on serotype 6B and 19F pneumococcal strains reflects their sensitivity to opsonophagocytosis. We compared clinical 6B and 19F nasopharyngeal, middle ear, and blood isolates as well as reference OPA strains (N=16) for their sensitivity to opsonophagocytosis and C3 deposition. Six-fold anti-capsular antibody concentrations were required for 50% opsonophagocytic killing of 19F compared to 6B strains. Serotype 19F was more resistant to C3 deposition than 6B. Complement deposition and opsonophagocytosis were dependent on the concentration of anti-capsular antibodies. Differences between pneumococcal serotypes in antibody mediated protection may partly be explained by the abilities of the capsules to resist complement deposition. These findings support previous studies suggesting that higher antibody concentrations to the capsular polysaccharide are needed for protection against disease caused by serotype 19F than 6B.0Infection and immunity Infect Immun. 2008 Dec 1.1098-5522 (Electronic)190474083.996YNational Public Health Institute, Department of Vaccines, Helsinki, Finland; Haartman Institute, Department of Bacteriology and Immunology, University of Helsinki, Finland and Helsinki University Central Hospital Laboratory, HUSLAB, Finland; National Public Health Institute, Department of Bacterial and Inflammatory Diseases, Helsinki, Finland.-IAI.01186-08 [pii] 10.1128/IAI.01 I 7||7zMenotti, A. Lanti, M. Kromhout, D. Blackburn, H. Jacobs, D. Nissinen, A. Dontas, A. Kafatos, A. Nedeljkovic, S. Adachi, H.2008Homogeneity in the relationship of serum cholesterol to coronary deaths across different cultures: 40-year follow-up of the Seven Countries Study719-725Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil156 2008/12/04DecBACKGROUND: The aim was to investigate whether multivariate coefficients of serum cholesterol in the prediction of coronary heart disease (CHD) deaths were similar across different cultures in a long-term follow-up. DESIGN: Thirteen cohorts for a total of 10 157 men aged 40-59 years at entry, enrolled in seven countries (USA, Finland, the Netherlands, Italy, Serbia, Greece, Japan) were repeatedly examined and followed up for 40 years. METHODS: Serum cholesterol measured at baseline, and then on repeated occasions, was studied, using multivariate models, in relation with the occurrence of CHD deaths during a 40-year follow-up. RESULTS: Homogeneity of multivariate serum cholesterol coefficients was found considering cholesterol levels at baseline, as average of up to three measurements during the first 10 years, as average of up to six measurements in 35 years, using the time-dependent technique with up to three measurements in 10 years, and with up to six measurement in 35 years. CONCLUSION: The strength of the association between serum cholesterol and CHD death seems homogeneous across different cultures characterized by different levels of serum cholesterol and different absolute risk of CHD death.European journal of cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation : official journal of the European Society of Cardiology, Working Groups on Epidemiology & Prevention and Cardiac Rehabilitation and Exercise Physiology Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. 2008 Dec;15(6):719-725.1741-8267 (Print)190504372.221aAssociation for Cardiac Research, Rome, Italy bDepartment of Human Nutrition, University of Wageningen, Wageningen, The Netherlands cDivision of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA dDepartment of Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, National Institute of Public Health, Helsinki, Finland eAthens Home for the Aged Research Centre, Athens fDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition Clinic, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece gInstitute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia hDepartment of Internal Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan."10.1097/HJR.0b013e3283 pF|7Pietilainen, O. P. Paunio, T. Loukola, A. Tuulio-Henriksson, A. Kieseppa, T. Thompson, P. Toga, A. W. van Erp, T. G. Silventoinen, K. Soronen, P. Hennah, W. Turunen, J. A. Wedenoja, J. Palo, O. M. Silander, K. Lonnqvist, J. Kaprio, J. Cannon, T. D. Peltonen, L.2008kAssociation of AKT1 with verbal learning, verbal memory, and regional cortical gray matter density in twins%Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008/12/04Dec 2:AKT1, encoding the protein kinase B, has been associated with the genetic etiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. However, minuscule data exist on the role of different alleles of AKT1 in measurable quantitative endophenotypes, such as cognitive abilities and neuroanatomical features, showing deviations in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. We evaluated the contribution of AKT1 to quantitative cognitive traits and 3D high-resolution neuroanatomical images in a Finnish twin sample consisting of 298 twins: 61 pairs with schizophrenia (8 concordant), 31 pairs with bipolar disorder (5 concordant) and 65 control pairs matched for age, sex and demographics. An AKT1 allele defined by the SNP rs1130214 located in the UTR of the gene revealed association with cognitive traits related to verbal learning and memory (P = 0.0005 for a composite index). This association was further fortified by a higher degree of resemblance of verbal memory capacity in pairs sharing the rs1130214 genotype compared to pairs not sharing the genotype. Furthermore, the same allele was also associated with decreased gray matter density in medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (P < 0.05). Our findings support the role of AKT1 in the genetic background of cognitive and anatomical features, known to be affected by psychotic disorders. The established association of the same allelic variant of AKT1 with both cognitive and neuroanatomical aberrations could suggest that AKT1 exerts its effect on verbal learning and memory via neural networks involving prefrontal cortex. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2008 Dec 2.1552-485X (Electronic)190512894.224sFIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland and National Public Health Institute, Biomedicum, Helsinki, Finland.10.1002/ajmg.b._F|7NLarsson, S. C. Mannisto, S. Virtanen, M. J. Kontto, J. Albanes, D. Virtamo, J.2008Dairy Foods and Risk of Stroke Epidemiology 2008/12/06Dec 1BACKGROUND:: Consumption of milk and other dairy foods has been associated with reduced risk of stroke, although not all studies have shown this consistently. METHODS:: We examined the association between dairy food intake and risk of stroke subtypes within the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. Between 1985 and 1988, 26,556 Finnish male smokers aged 50-69 years who had no history of stroke completed a food frequency questionnaire. We used Cox proportional hazards models to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS:: During a mean follow-up of 13.6 years, 2702 cerebral infarctions, 383 intracerebral hemorrhages, and 196 subarachnoid hemorrhages were ascertained. We observed positive associations between whole milk intake and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage (RR = 1.41 for the highest vs. lowest quintile of intake; 95% CI = 1.02-1.96) and between yogurt intake and subarachnoid hemorrhage (RR = 1.83 for the highest vs. lowest quintile of intake; 95% CI = 1.20-2.80). Men in the highest quintile of cream intake had a moderate decreased risk of cerebral infarction (0.81; 0.72-0.92) and intracerebral hemorrhage (0.72; 0.52-1.00). There were no strong associations between intakes of total dairy, low-fat milk, sour milk, cheese, ice cream, or butter and risk of any stroke subtype. CONCLUSIONS:: These findings suggest that intake of certain dairy foods may be associated with risk of stroke.9Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) Epidemiology. 2008 Dec 1.1531-5487 (Electronic)190573875.283HFrom the aDivision of Nutritional Epidemiology, National Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; bDepartment of Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; and cNational Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD."10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181935dd5 [doi]Engp_2||7CSavolainen-Kopra, C. Blomqvist, S. Kilpi, T. Roivainen, M. Hovi, T.20099Novel species of human rhinoviruses in acute otitis media59-61Pediatr Infect Dis J281 2008/12/06JanWe have studied human rhinovirus (HRV) recovered from nasopharyngeal aspirates and middle ear fluids collected during acute otitis media with RT-PCR sequencing followed by phylogenetic analysis. In addition to a great diversity of traditional HRV types we found genetic relatives of the novel HRV species, suggested HRV-C, in both sample types. Our results indicate the presence of HRV-C in the middle ear for the first time.Savolainen-Kopra, Carita Blomqvist, Soile Kilpi, Terhi Roivainen, Merja Hovi, Tapani United States The Pediatric infectious disease journal Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009 Jan;28(1):59-61.0891-3668 (Print)190574603.086From the *Enterovirus Laboratory, Department of Viral Diseases and Immunology, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Helsinki, Finland; and daggerDepartment of Vaccines, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Helsinki, Finland."10.1097/INF.0b013e31818 x||7Jakkula, E. Rehnstrom, K. Varilo, T. Pietilainen, O. P. Paunio, T. Pedersen, N. L. deFaire, U. Jarvelin, M. R. Saharinen, J. Freimer, N. Ripatti, S. Purcell, S. Collins, A. Daly, M. J. Palotie, A. Peltonen, L.2008]The genome-wide patterns of variation expose significant substructure in a founder population787-94Am J Hum Genet836 2008/12/09DecAlthough high-density SNP genotyping platforms generate a momentum for detailed genome-wide association (GWA) studies, an offshoot is a new insight into population genetics. Here, we present an example in one of the best-known founder populations by scrutinizing ten distinct Finnish early- and late-settlement subpopulations. By determining genetic distances, homozygosity, and patterns of linkage disequilibrium, we demonstrate that population substructure, and even individual ancestry, is detectable at a very high resolution and supports the concept of multiple historical bottlenecks resulting from consecutive founder effects. Given that genetic studies are currently aiming at identifying smaller and smaller genetic effects, recognizing and controlling for population substructure even at this fine level becomes imperative to avoid confounding and spurious associations. This study provides an example of the power of GWA data sets to demonstrate stratification caused by population history even within a seemingly homogeneous population, like the Finns. Further, the results provide interesting lessons concerning the impact of population history on the genome landscape of humans, as well as approaches to identify rare variants enriched in these subpopulations.Jakkula, Eveliina Rehnstrom, Karola Varilo, Teppo Pietilainen, Olli P H Paunio, Tiina Pedersen, Nancy L deFaire, Ulf Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta Saharinen, Juha Freimer, Nelson Ripatti, Samuli Purcell, Shaun Collins, Andrew Daly, Mark J Palotie, Aarno Peltonen, Leena 1R01HL087679-01/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/United States U54RR020278/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/United States Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States American journal of human genetics Am J Hum Genet. 2008 Dec;83(6):787-94.1537-6605 (Electronic)1906198611.092Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute and Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Helsinki, Finland.<S0002-9297(08)00590-9 [pii] 10.1016/j.ajhg.2008.11.005 [doi]eng3F|7TSiljander, T. Lyytikainen, O. Vahakuopus, S. Saila, P. Jalava, J. Vuopio-Varkila, J.2008YRapid emergence of type emm84 among invasive Streptococcus pyogenes infections in FinlandJ Clin Microbiol 2008/12/17Dec 10UDuring 2005-2007 in Finland, the incidence of invasive Streptococcus pyogenes disease increased sharply, partly due to an uncommon type emm84 becoming more prevalent from 2006 onwards. The overall case fatality rate of emm84 infections was not significantly different than infections caused by other types (7% vs. 10%, respectively, P=0.50).?Journal of clinical microbiology J Clin Microbiol. 2008 Dec 10.1098-660X (Electronic)190738713.708Hospital Bacteria Laboratory, Department of Bacterial and Inflammatory Diseases, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, National Public Health Institute, Mannerheimintie 166, FIN-00300, Helsinki, Finland; Microbial Ecology Laboratory, Department of Bacterial and Inflammatory Diseases, National Public Health Institute, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, FIN-20521, Turku, Finland.-JCM.01663-08 [pii] 10.1128/JCM.016 F|7-Berg, A. Lonnqvist, J. Palomaki, H. Kaste, M.2008VAssessment of Depression After Stroke. A Comparison of Different Screening InstrumentsStroke 2008/12/17Dec 12BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Assessing poststroke depression may be complicated by aphasia, other cognitive deficits, and several somatic stroke-related symptoms. We studied the possible differences in performance of some commonly used instruments in screening depression after stroke. METHODS: We compared the Beck Depression Inventory, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Visual Analogue Mood Scale, proxy assessment, and Clinical Global Impression of the nursing and study personnel, together with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd Edition, Revised diagnosis, in assessing depression after stroke in a follow-up study of 100 patients. The patients were studied at 2 weeks and at 2, 6, 12, and 18 months after stroke. RESULTS: The feasibility rates of all assessment instruments studied were fairly similar, but the prevalence rates differed according to the assessment instruments, varying from the lowest rates with a Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd Edition, Revised-based diagnosis up to 3-fold with caregiver ratings. The sensitivity and specificity against the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria were acceptable with the Clinical Global Impression, Beck Depression Inventory, and Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, mostly in the range of 0.70 to 1.00. The caregiver ratings were higher than the patient ratings (P<0.001) and correlated with the caregiver's own Beck Depression Inventory (0.60 to 0.61, P<0.001). The Visual Analogue Mood Scale was not a sensitive instrument (sensitivity, 0.20 to 0.60) and did not correlate with the Beck Depression Inventory during the first year after stroke. CONCLUSIONS: Beck Depression Inventory, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and Clinical Global Impression assessment by professionals, in addition to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd Edition, Revised diagnosis, are useful in assessing depression, but none of these instruments clearly stood apart from the others. Proxy ratings should be used with caution, and the use of the Visual Analogue Mood Scale among patients with aphasia and other cognitive impairments cannot be recommended.>Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation Stroke. 2008 Dec 12.1524-4628 (Electronic)190744786.296From the Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; and the Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.=STROKEAHA.108.527705 [pii] 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.527705 [doi]Eng^$F|7EYli-Pirila, T. Kusnetsov, J. Hirvonen, M. R. Seuri, M. Nevalainen, A.2008)Survival of amoebae on building materials Indoor Air 2008/12/17Dec 5)Abstract Moisture damage and concurrent microbial growth in buildings are associated with adverse health effects among the occupants. However, the causal agents for the symptoms are unclear although microbes are assumed to play a major role. Fungi and bacteria are not the only microbes inhabiting moist building materials; it was recently revealed that amoebae are also present. As amoebae have the potential to harbor many pathogens and to modulate the characteristics of growing microbes, a better appreciation of the growth and survival of amoebae in moisture damage conditions will add to the understanding of their effects on health outcomes. In this study, we investigated the ability of amoebae to survive on six building materials. Furthermore, both aged and unused materials were tested. Amoebae survived on gypsum board and mineral wool for the whole 2 months experiment even without additional sustenance. When sustenance (heat-killed bacteria) was available, aged pine wood and birch wood also allowed their survival. In contrast, amoebae were quickly killed on fresh pine wood and they did not survive on concrete or linoleum. In conclusion, our data show that amoebae can persist on several common building materials once these materials become wet. Practical Implications Amoebae are able to survive on many building materials should the materials become wet. Amoebae have the potential to increase growth, cytotoxicity, and pathogenicity of other microbes present in moisture damages, and they may carry potentially pathogenic bacteria as endosymbionts and thus introduce them into the indoor air. Therefore, amoebae may have a prominent role in the microbial exposures occurring in moisture-damaged buildings. The presence of amoebae could be usefully included in reporting the microbial damage of material samples."Indoor air Indoor Air. 2008 Dec 5.1600-0668 (Electronic)190767362.887VDepartment of Environmental Health, National Public Health Institute, Kuopio, Finland.3INA567 [pii] 10.1111/j.1600-0668.2008.0056 ||7VLeskelä, U. Melartin, T. Rytsälä, H. Sokero, P. Lestelä-Mielonen, P. Isometsä, E.2008jThe influence of major depressive disorder on objective and subjective social support: a prospective study876-83J Nerv Ment Dis19612 2008/12/17tAdult Depressive Disorder, Major/ psychology Disease Progression Female Follow-Up Studies Humans Male Social SupportDecThe impact of persistent depression on social support (SS) is not well known. In the Vantaa Depression Study (VDS), 193 patients with DSM-IV MDD were interviewed at baseline, at 6 and 18 months. Objective SS was measured with the Interview Measure of Social Relationships (IMSR), and subjective SS with the Perceived Social Support Scale-Revised (PSSS-R); the influence of time spent in major depressive episodes (MDEs) on SS at 18 months was investigated. Low objective SS was independently predicted by low baseline objective SS, male gender, and longer time spent in MDEs; low subjective SS by longer time spent in MDEs and lower baseline subjective SS. Along with clinical improvement, subjective SS improved but objective SS did not. The persistence of MDD seems to weaken both objective and subjective SS. Whether this results in progressively weakening objective and subjective SS, and thereby lowers the threshold for future depressive episodes, should be further investigated.Leskela, Ulla Melartin, Tarja Rytsala, Heikki Sokero, Petteri Lestela-Mielonen, Paula Isometsa, Erkki United States The Journal of nervous and mental disease J Nerv Ment Dis. 2008 Dec;196(12):876-83.1539-736X (Electronic)190778541.863fDepartment of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.A10.1097/NMD.0b013e31818ec6cf [doi] 00005053-20081F|7Jalanko, A. Braulke, T.2008Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosesBiochim Biophys Acta 2008/12/17Nov 24The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCL) are severe neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders of childhood, characterized by accumulation of autofluorescent ceroid lipopigments in most cells. NCLs are caused by mutations in at least ten recessively inherited human genes, eight of which have been characterized. The NCL genes encode soluble and transmembrane proteins, localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or the endosomal/lysosomal organelles. The precise function of most of the NCL proteins has remained elusive, although they are anticipated to carry pivotal roles in the central nervous system. Common clinical features in NCL, including retinopathy, motor abnormalities, epilepsia and dementia, also suggest that the proteins may be functionally linked. All subtypes of NCLs present with selective neurodegeneration in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices. Animal models have provided valuable data about the pathological characteristics of NCL and revealed that early glial activation precedes neuron loss in the thalamocortical system. The mouse models have also been efficiently utilized for the evaluation of therapeutic strategies. The tools generated by the accomplishments in genomics have further substantiated global analyses and these have initially provided new insights into the NCL field. This review summarizes the current knowledge of the NCL proteins, basic characteristics of each disease and studies of pathogenetic mechanisms in animal models of these diseases.@Biochimica et biophysica acta Biochim Biophys Acta. 2008 Nov 24.0006-3002 (Print)190845603.539National Public Health Institute, Department of Molecular Medicine and FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Biomedicum, PO 104, 00251 Helsinki, Finland.>S0167-4889(08)00399-6 [pii] 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.11.004 [doi]Eng 0950268807008138 /s10096-008-0524-43J P. Paavonen, J. Lehtinen, M.2008sSmoking impairs human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 and 18 capsids antibody response following natural HPV infection745-51Scand J Infect Dis409 2008/12/174The natural history of oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infections results from interactions of the virus, the host, and multiple cofactors. We studied the association between humoral immune response to HPV and smoking in 191 HPV infected women prospectively. Two follow-up samples (first and last) were analysed for serum cotinine levels, IgA and IgG antibodies to HPV16 and 18, and Chlamydia trachomatis using ELISA methods. HPV DNA analyses were also performed, and HPV16/18 antibodies were detectable in 23 of 40 (57.5%) HPV DNA-positive women. We performed age-stratified analyses and found that young smokers were less likely to develop HPV16/18 antibodies than non-smokers (OR: 0.2, 95% CI 0.0-0.9). Furthermore, they had a significantly decreased tendency of maintaining constant HPV16/18 IgG antibody positivity by the end of the follow-up (OR: 0.1, 95% CI 0.0-0.8). Smoking did not affect the development of HPV antibody responses in women over 30 y of age. Our results suggest that smoking may induce impaired antibody response in HPV16/18-infected young women.Simen-Kapeu, Aline Kataja, Vesa Yliskoski, Merja Syrjanen, Kari Dillner, Joakim Koskela, Pentti Paavonen, Jorma Lehtinen, Matti Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Sweden Scandinavian journal of infectious diseases Scand J Infect Dis. 2008;40(9):745-51.0036-5548 (Print)19086247VNational Public Health Institute, Youth Sexual Health Unit, Oulu, Finland. asis@ktl.fieng i WF|7wPaunio, T. Arajarvi, R. Terwilliger, J. D. Hiekkalinna, T. Haimi, P. Partonen, T. Lonnqvist, J. Peltonen, L. Varilo, T.2008ILinkage analysis of schizophrenia controlling for population substructure%Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008/12/17Dec 11Etiological heterogeneity and complexity has hampered attempts to identify predisposing genes for schizophrenia. We sought to minimize the number of segregating genes involved by focusing on a population isolate with elevated disease prevalence. We exploited the well-established population history, and searched for disease susceptibility loci in families from two alternative founder lineages. We studied 28 schizophrenia pedigrees (123 nuclear families) from an outlying municipality on the eastern border of Finland. We divided the families based on their genealogy and defined two routes of immigration: southern and northern. We examined the kinship coefficients and allele frequency distributions within each group, and performed a linkage analysis based on 497 microsatellite markers across the genome. A high degree of historical relatedness was demonstrated by higher sharing of alleles than predicted by the relationships we identified within the previous four generations alone, as would be expected. Between the two subpopulations, allele frequencies were significantly different, consistent with their isolated genealogies. The southern families showed some evidence of linkage in a schizophrenia locus at 4q23 (Z = 3.3) near our previous finding with quantitative variation in verbal learning and memory [Paunio et al. (2004); Hum Mol Genet 13: 1693-1702], while the northern pedigrees gave most significant evidence on 10q21 (Z = 2.53). Joint analysis of families from both lineages suggested evidence of linkage only at 3p14 (Z = 3.18). Thus the detailed genealogical information led us to identification of distinct linkage signals for schizophrenia susceptibility loci between the three analyses we performed. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2008 Dec 11.1552-485X (Electronic)190860374.224VDepartment of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.10.1002/ajmg.b 5F|7McWilliam Leitch, E. C. Bendig, J. Cabrerizo, M. Cardosa, J. Hyypia, T. Ivanova, O. E. Kelly, A. Kroes, A. C. Lukashev, A. Macadam, A. McMinn, P. Roivainen, M. Trallero, G. Evans, D. J. Simmonds, P.2008=Transmission networks and population turnover of echovirus 30J Virol 2008/12/19Dec 17Globally, echovirus 30 (E30) is one of the most frequently identified enteroviruses and a major cause of meningitis. Despite its wide distribution, little is known about its transmission networks or the dynamics of its recombination and geographical spread. To address this, we have conducted an extensive molecular epidemiology and evolutionary study of E30 isolates collected over eight years from a geographically wide sample base (11 European countries, South East Asia and Australia). 3Dpol sequences fell into several distinct phylogenetic groups, interspersed with other species B serotypes, enabling E30 isolates to be classified into 38 recombinant forms (RFs). Substitutions in VP1 and 3Dpol regions occurred predominantly at synonymous sites (dN/dS ratios 0.05) with VP1 showing a rapid substitution rate of 8.3 x 10(-3) substitutions per site per year. Recombination frequency was tightly correlated with VP1 divergence; viruses differing by evolutionary distances of >0.1 (or 6 years divergent evolution) almost invariably (>97%) had different 3Dpol groups. Frequencies of shared 3Dpol groups additionally correlated with geographical distances, with Europe and South Asia showing turnover of entirely distinct virus populations. Population turnover of E30 was characterised by repeated cycles of emergence, dominance and disappearance of individual RFs over periods of 3-5 years, although the existence and nature of evolutionary selection underlying these population replacements remains unclear. The occurrence of frequent "sporadic" recombinants embedded within VP1 groupings of other RFs and the much greater number of 3Dpol groups than separately identifiable VP1 lineages suggests frequent recombination with an external diverse reservoir of non-E30 viruses.)Journal of virology J Virol. 2008 Dec 17.1098-5514 (Electronic)190918695.332Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Edinburgh, Summerhall, Edinburgh, EH9 1QH, UK; PHLS Coxsackievirus Reference Unit, Department of Medical Microbiology, West Park Hospital, Epsom, Surrey, UK; Enterovirus Laboratory, National Centre for Microbiology, Carlos III Institute of Health, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Health and Community Medicine, University Sarawak Malaysia, Malaysia; Department of Virology, University of Turku, Finland; M.P. Chumakov Institute of Poliomyelitis and Viral Encephalitides, Moscow, Russia; National Virus Reference Laboratory, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Medical Microbiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands; National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls, London, UK; Discipline of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Sydney, Australia; Enterovirus Laboratory, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, UK.-JVI.02109-08 [pii] 10.1128/JVI.0210 F||7?Valve, K. Ruotsalainen, E. Karki, T. Pekkanen, E. Siikamaki, H.2008]Cluster of imported malaria from Gambia in Finland - travellers do not listen to given advice Euro Surveill1351 2008/12/20Dec 18Twelve Finnish tourists contracted falciparum malaria from Gambia in the period between 3 and 27 November 2008. None of them had used adequate malaria chemoprophylaxis.Valve, K Ruotsalainen, E Karki, T Pekkanen, E Siikamaki, H Sweden Euro surveillance : bulletin europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin Euro Surveill. 2008 Dec 18;13(51). pii: 19068.1560-7917 (Electronic)19094918oNational Public Health Institute, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, Helsinki, Finland.engF|7BBergman, M. Nyberg, S. T. Huovinen, P. Paakkari, P. Hakanen, A. J.2008PAssociation between Antimicrobial Consumption and Resistance in Escherichia coliAntimicrob Agents Chemother 2008/12/24Dec 22 During a 9-year study period of 1997 - 2005, the association between antimicrobial resistance rates in Escherichia coli and outpatient antimicrobial consumption was investigated in 20 hospital districts in Finland. A total of 754,293 E. coli isolates, mainly from urine samples, were tested for antimicrobial resistance in 26 clinical microbiology laboratories. The following antimicrobials were studied: amoxicillin/ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, first-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, pivmecillinam, and nitrofurantoin. We applied a protocol used in earlier studies where the level of antimicrobial consumption of one year was compared with the level of resistance of the next year. Statistically significant associations found were for nitrofurantoin use vs. nitrofurantoin resistance (p < 0.0001), cephalosporin use vs. nitrofurantoin resistance (p = 0.0293), amoxicillin use vs. fluoroquinolone resistance (p = 0.0031), and fluoroquinolone use vs. ampicillin resistance (p = 0.0046). Interestingly, we found only a few associations between resistance and antimicrobial consumption. The majority of the studied associations were not significant including association between fluoroquinolone use and fluoroquinolone resistance.the Finnish Study Group for Antimicrobial Resistance (FiRe Network) Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2008 Dec 22.1098-6596 (Electronic)191040124.390Antimicrobial Research Laboratory, Department of Bacterial and Inflammatory Diseases, National Public Health Institute, Turku, Finland; National Agency for Medicines, Helsinki, Finland.-AAC.00856-08 [pii] 10.1128/AAC.00856-08 [doi]Eng F|7Nyman, E. S. Loukola, A. Varilo, T. Ekelund, J. Veijola, J. Joukamaa, M. Taanila, A. Pouta, A. Miettunen, J. Freimer, N. Jarvelin, M. R. Peltonen, L.2008dImpact of the dopamine receptor gene family on temperament traits in a population-based birth cohort%Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2008/12/24Dec 22/Although the genetic determinants of personality have been intensively investigated especially since Cloninger proposed his psychobiological model of temperament and character, findings to date remain inconclusive and very few studies have addressed the topic in large population cohorts. In the current study we investigated one gene family in its entirety by addressing the role of all known dopamine receptor genes, DRD1-DRD5, on Cloninger's temperament traits in a Finnish population-based birth cohort. The study sample (n = 1,434) was ascertained from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 with over 5,000 study individuals tested at the age of 31 years. We utilized the genetic homogeneity and genealogical structure of this population to uncover putative effects of these genes on temperament traits at the population level. Our strategy utilizing a large birth cohort and its well established genealogical structure represents an optimal design for studying normally distributed traits. We also wished to provide a comprehensive view to one biologically relevant gene family instead of testing single candidate genes. We report evidence of association of several SNPs at the 5' end of dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) with Novelty seeking (low) and Harm avoidance (high), and at the 3' end of DRD2 with Persistence. The strongest evidence of association emerged from females. Our study supports the involvement of the dopamine pathway in temperament traits, in particular underlining the role of DRD2 in Novelty seeking, Harm avoidance and Persistence. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2008 Dec 22.1552-485X (Electronic)191052024.224fInstitute for Molecular Medicine Finland FIMM and National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.10.1002/ajmg.b.3 m [4F|7Mannisto, T. Vaarasmaki, M. Pouta, A. Hartikainen, A. L. Ruokonen, A. Surcel, H. M. Bloigu, A. Jarvelin, M. R. Suvanto-Luukkonen, E.2008Perinatal outcome of children born to mothers with thyroid dysfunction or antibodies. A prospective population-based cohort studyJ Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008/12/25Dec 23CONTEXT: There are only a few large prospective studies involving evaluation of the effect of maternal thyroid dysfunction on offspring and observations are inconsistent. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of thyroid dysfunction or antibody-positivity on perinatal outcome. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 including 9247 singleton pregnancies. First trimester maternal serum samples were analyzed for thyroid hormones (TSH, fT4) and antibodies (thyroid-peroxidase antibody [TPO-Ab] and thyroglobulin antibody [TG-Ab]). Mothers were classified by their hormone and antibody status into percentile categories based on laboratory data and compared accordingly. MAIN OUTCOMES: Perinatal mortality, preterm delivery, absolute and gestational age-adjusted birth weight, absolute and relative placental weight. RESULTS: The offspring of TPO-Ab- and TG-Ab-positive mothers had higher perinatal mortality, which was not affected by thyroid hormone status. Unadjusted and adjusted (for maternal age and parity) risk for increased perinatal mortality was OR 3.1 (95% CI 1.4-7.1) and 3.2 (1.4-7.1) in TPO-Ab- and 2.6 (1.1-6.2) and 2.5 (1.1-5.9) in TG-Ab-positive mothers. TPO-Ab-positive mothers had more large-for-gestational age infants (2.4% vs. 0.8%, p=0.017), as did mothers with low TSH and high fT4 concentrations vs. reference group (6.6% vs. 2.5%, p=0.045). Significantly higher placental weights were observed among mothers with low TSH and high fT4 or high TSH and low fT4 levels, as well as among TPO-Ab-positive mothers. CONCLUSIONS: First trimester antibody-positivity is a risk factor for perinatal death, but not thyroid hormone status as such. Thyroid dysfunction early in pregnancy seems to affect fetal and placental growth.ZThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Dec 23.0021-972X (Print)191062715.493`Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, Finland; National Public Health Institute, Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Finland; Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Finland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Finland; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, UK.-jc.2008-1520 [pii] 10.1210/jc.200 o3tF|7Schwarz, P. E. Li, J. Reimann, M. Schutte, A. E. Bergmann, A. Hanefeld, M. Bornstein, S. R. Schulze, J. Tuomilehto, J. Lindstrom, J.2008mThe Finnish Diabetes Risk Score is associated with Insulin Resistance and Progression towards Type 2 DiabetesJ Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008/12/25Dec 23Objective: The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) questionnaire is a practical screening tool to estimate the diabetes risk and the probability of asymptomatic type 2 diabetes. In this study, we evaluated the usefulness of the FINDRISC to predict insulin resistance in a population at increased diabetes risk. Design: Data of 771 and 526 participants in a cross-sectional survey (1996) and a cohort study (1997-2000), respectively, were used for the analysis. Data on the FINDRISC and OGTT parameters were available from each participant. The predictive value of the FINDRISC score was cross-sectionally evaluated using the AUC-ROC method and by correlation analyses. A validation of the cross-sectional results was performed on the prospective data from the cohort study. Results: The FINDRISC was significantly correlated with markers of insulin resistance. The ROC-AUC for the prediction of a HOMA-IR > 5 (homeostasis model of assessment insulin resistance) was 0.78 in the cross-sectional survey and 0.74 at baseline of the cohort study. Moreover, the FINDRISC at baseline was significantly associated with disease evolution (p < 0.01) which was defined as the change of glucose tolerance during the 3 years follow up. Conclusions: The results indicate that the FINDRISC can be applied to detect insulin resistance in a population at high risk of type 2 diabetes and predict future impairment of glucose tolerance.ZThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2008 Dec 23.0021-972X (Print)191062745.493Department of Medicine III, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus of the Technical University Dresden, Germany; School for Physiology, Nutrition and Consumer Sciences of North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), South Africa; Centre for Clinical Studies, GWT Dresden, Germany; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland; Diabetes Unit, Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, National Public Health Institute, Finland; South Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Finland.-jc.2007-2427 [pii] 10.1210/jc.2007||7FAl-Hello, H. Ylipaasto, P. Smura, T. Rieder, E. Hovi, T. Roivainen, M.2009fAmino acids of coxsackie B5 virus are critical for infection of the murine insulinoma cell line, MIN-6296-304 J Med Virol812 2008/12/25FebZIt was shown recently that 15 successive passages of a laboratory strain of the Coxsackie B virus 5 in a mouse pancreas (CBV-5-MPP) resulted in apparent changes in the virus phenotype, which led to the capacity to induce a diabetes-like syndrome in mice. For further characterization of islet cell interactions with a passaged virus strain, a murine insulinoma cell line, MIN-6, was selected as an experimental model. The CBV-5-MPP virus strain was not able to replicate in MIN-6 cells in vitro but required adaptation over a few days for progeny production and the generation of cytopathic effects. In order to determine the genetic characteristics required for virus growth in MIN-6 cells, the whole genome of the MIN-6-adapted virus variant was sequenced, and critical amino acids were identified by comparing the sequence with that of a virus strain passaged repeatedly in the mouse pancreas. The results of site-directed mutagenesis demonstrated that only one residue, amino acid 94 of VP1, is a major determinant for virus adaptation to MIN-6 cells. J. Med. Virol. 81:296-304, 2009. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Al-Hello, Haider Ylipaasto, Petri Smura, Teemu Rieder, Elisabeth Hovi, Tapani Roivainen, Merja United States Journal of medical virology J Med Virol. 2009 Feb;81(2):296-304.1096-9071 (Electronic)191079672.831REnterovirus Laboratory, National Public Health Institute (KTL), Helsinki, Finland.10.1002/jmv.21391 [doi]eng)kF|7KRantakokko, P. Kiviranta, H. Rylander, L. Rignell-Hydbom, A. Vartiainen, T.2008A simple and fast liquid-liquid extraction method for the determination of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (CB-153) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-ethylene (p,p'-DDE) from human serum for epidemiological studies on type 2 diabetesJ Chromatogr A 2008/12/26Dec 10A simple and fast method is presented to be used for example in studies on the relationship between serum levels of persistent organic pollutants and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Method is based on liquid-liquid extraction and gas chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. In the sample pre-treatment special attention was paid to minimize the number of sample manipulation steps and the amounts of organic solvents needed. Compounds analyzed were 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (PCB-153) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-ethylene (p,p'-DDE), the major metabolite of DDT. The method included extraction and cleanup of 0.2ml of serum in a single test tube and subsequent analysis of the extract from 0.2ml final volume. Validation was conducted to explore the performance of the method. The limits of detection for p,p'-DDE and PCB-153 based on the standard deviation of the blank samples were 4.3 and 3.1pg/ml, respectively. Repeatability was less than 2.5% at three concentration levels tested and recovery from Certified Reference Material SRM 1589a was 84% for p,p'-DDE and 87% for PCB-153 of the certified values, respectively. Serum samples from the AMAP intercalibration round 2008-2 were also analyzed, and results were 101-116% of the assigned values. The presented method was used for an epidemiological study with more than 700 serum samples from a type 2 diabetes cohort from Sweden.9Journal of chromatography. A J Chromatogr A. 2008 Dec 10.0021-9673 (Print)191088403.641mNational Public Health Institute, Department of Environmental Health, P.O. Box 95, FIN-70701 Kuopio, Finland.>S0021-9673(08)02145-6 [pii] 10.1016/j.chroma.2008. c SkF|7^Qiao, Q. Laatikainen, T. Zethelius, B. Stegmayr, B. Eliasson, M. Jousilahti, P. Tuomilehto, J.2008Comparison of Definitions of Metabolic Syndrome in Relation to the Risk of Developing Stroke and Coronary Heart Disease in Finnish and Swedish CohortsStroke 2008/12/26Dec 24BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare definitions of metabolic syndrome with regard to their prediction of stroke and coronary heart disease incidence. METHODS: The study comprises 4041 men and 3812 women of 6 Finnish and Swedish cohorts aged 25 to 74 years at baseline. Hazard ratio was estimated applying Cox regression analyses adjusting for cohort, cholesterol, and smoking and using age as a time scale. A paired homogeneity test was performed to compare the differences. RESULTS: A total of 113 (47) ischemic and 43 (15) hemorrhagic stroke and 235 (50) coronary heart disease events were accumulated in men (women). Hazard ratios (95% CIs) for ischemic stroke in men were 1.59 (1.09 to 2.32), 1.52 (1.01 to 2.28), 1.16 (0.77 to 1.74), and 1.27 (0.87 to 1.86), respectively, for the World Health Organization, National Cholesterol Education Program, National Cholesterol Education Program revised, and the International Diabetes Federation definitions of metabolic syndrome, and in women 2.20 (1.15 to 4.19), 2.68 (1.47 to 4.87), 2.31 (1.27 to 4.20), and 1.91 (1.05 to 3.49), respectively. The corresponding hazard ratios (95% CIs) for coronary heart disease were 1.57 (1.21 to 2.04), 1.51 (1.15 to 1.99), 1.63 (1.25 to 2.13), and 1.46 (1.12 to 1.89) in men and 1.32 (0.69 to 2.51), 1.54 (0.85 to 2.79), 1.81 (1.02 to 3.21), and 2.47 (1.37 to 4.45) in women. None of the definitions of metabolic syndrome predicted hemorrhagic stroke. There was no difference between definitions of metabolic syndrome and between a full definition and its individual components. CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic syndrome as well as its individual components predicted the incidence of the ischemic stroke and the coronary heart disease equally well and should be treated equally as well.>Stroke; a journal of cerebral circulation Stroke. 2008 Dec 24.1524-4628 (Electronic)191095506.296From the Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; the Department of Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland; the Department of Public Health/Geriatrics, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden; and the Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, University of Umea, Umea, Sweden.=STROKEAHA.108.518878 [pii] 10.1161/STROKEAHA.108.51|?]Latvala, S. Pietila, T. E. Veckman, V. Kekkonen, R. A. Tynkkynen, S. Korpela, R. Julkunen, I.2008Potentially probiotic bacteria induce efficient maturation but differential cytokine production in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells 5570-5583!World Journal of Gastroenterology1436ArticleSepAIM: To analyze the ability of nine different potentially probiotic bacteria to induce maturation and cytokine production in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs). METHODS: Cytokine production and maturation of moDCs in response to bacterial stimulation was analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and flow cytometric analysis (FACS), respectively. The kinetics of mRNA expression of cytokine genes was determined by Northern blotting. The involvement of different signaling pathways in cytokine gene expression was studied using specific pharmacological signaling inhibitors. RESULTS: All studied bacteria induced the maturation of moDCs in a dose-dependent manner. More detailed analysis with S. thermophilus THS, B. breve Bb99, and L. lactis subsp. cremoris ARH74 indicated that these bacteria induced the expression of moDC maturation markers HLA class H and CD86 as efficiently as pathogenic bacteria. However, these bacteria differed in their ability to induce moDC cytokine gene expression. 5. thermophilus induced the expression of pro-inflammatory (TNF-alpha, IL-12, IL-6, and CCL20) and Th1 type (IL-12 and IFN-gamma) cytokines, while 8, breve and L. lactis were also potent inducers of anti-inflammatory IL-10. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38, phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3) kinase, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) signaling pathways were shown to be involved in bacteria-induced cytokine production. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that potentially probiotic bacteria are able to induce moDC maturation, but their ability to induce cytokine gene expression varies significantly from one bacterial strain to another. (C) 2008 The WJG Press. All rights reserved.://000259574400015vLatvala, Sinikka Pietilae, Taija E. Veckman, Ville Kekkonen, Riina A. Tynkkynen, Soile Korpela, Riitta Julkunen, Ilkka 1007-9327ISI:00025957440001510.3748/wjg.14.5570|?Kekkonen, R. A. Lummela, N. Karjalainen, H. Latvala, S. Tynkkynen, S. Jarvenpaa, S. Kautiainen, H. Julkunen, I. Vapaatalo, H. Korpela, R.2008VProbiotic intervention has strain-specific anti-inflammatory effects in healthy adults 2029-2036!World Journal of Gastroenterology1413ArticleApr~AIM: To evaluate the effects of three potentially anti-inflammatory probiotic bacteria from three different genera on immune variables in healthy adults in a clinical setting based on previous in vitro characterization of cytokine responses. METHODS: A total of 62 volunteers participated in this randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled parallel group intervention study. The volunteers were randomized to receive a milk-based drink containing either Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis Bb12 (Bb12), or Propionibacterium freudenreichii ssp. shermanii JS (PJS) or a placebo drink for 3 wk. Venous blood and saliva samples were taken at baseline and on d 1, 7 and 21. Fecal samples were collected at baseline and at the end of intervention. RESULTS: The serum hsCRP expressed as the median AUC(0-21) (minus baseline) was 0.018 mg/L in the placebo group, -0.240 mg/L in the LGG group, 0.090 mg/L in the Bb12 group and -0.085 mg/L in the PIS group (P = 0.014). In vitro production of TNF-alpha from in vitro cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was significantly lower in subjects receiving LGG vs placebo. IL-2 production from PBMC in the Bb12 group was significantly lower compared with the other groups. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, probiotic bacteria have strain-specific anti-inflammatory effects in healthy adults. (c) 2008 WJG. All rights reserved.://000254929200010Kekkonen, Riina A. Lummela, Netta Karjalainen, Heli Latvala, Sinikka Tynkkynen, Soile Jarvenpaa, Salme Kautiainen, Hannu Julkunen, Ilkka Vapaatalo, Heikki Korpela, Riitta 1007-9327ISI:00025492920001010.3748/wjg.14.2029|?wPietrzyk, J. J. Wysocki, J. Pejcz, J. Galaj, A. Majda-Stanislawska, E. Kayhty, H. Thierry-Carstensen, B. Jenseng, A. M.2008Safety and immunogenicity of a DTaP-IPVvero (serum-free) combination vaccine in comparison to DTaP-IPVMkc when administered simultaneously with Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (PRP-T) in children at 2, 3.5, 5 and 16 months of age 5296-5303Vaccine2641ArticleSep<In a phase III, double blind, randomized, noninferiority, multi-centre clinical trial, 817 infants were included and randomly assigned to vaccination with DTaP-IPVvero (N = 410) or DTaP-IPVMkc (N = 407) vaccines (Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Denmark) in the right thigh. All infants were vaccinated with Act-HIB (R) (Sanofi Pasteur, France) in the left thigh at the same time. The vaccination schedule was 2, 3.5, 5 and 16 months and serum samples were obtained at 6, 16 and 17 months. The primary objective was to demonstrate noninferiority of DTaP-IPVvero to DTaP-IPVMkc as regards immunological protection against polio virus types 1, 2 and 3. Furthermore, the immunogenicity of all vaccine antigens and the safety profile of the vaccines were assessed. The study demonstrated that DTaP-IPVvero was noninferior to DTaP-IPVMkc. All antibody concentrations/titres remained at an acceptable level from the end of the primary vaccination series (i.e. 2, 3.5 and 5 months) until the time of the booster vaccination at 16 months. A good booster response was, furthermore, demonstrated for all antigens. No vaccine-related serious adverse events and no injection site granulomas OF swelling of the entire thigh Occurred. The frequencies of local injection site erythema and swelling as well as systemic adverse events such as fever, irritability, somnolence and decreased appetite were low and acceptable in both treatment groups. In conclusion, DTaP-IPVvero is immunogenic and safe for primary vaccination and for booster vaccination of healthy children. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000260148900011Pietrzyk, Jacek J. Wysocki, Jacek Pejcz, Jerzy Galaj, Andrzej Majda-Stanislawska, Ewa Kayhty, Helena Thierry-Carstensen, Birgit Jenseng, Anders Morup 0264-410XISI:0002601489000113.37710.1016/j.vE|?Heikkinen, P. van der Ven, L. Korkalainen, M. Lensu, S. Nittynen, M. Sankari, S. Savolainen, K. Andersson, P. L. Schrenk, D. Viluksela, M.2008FA 28-day toxicity study with highly purified PCB 180 in Sprague-Dawley S205-S205Toxicology Letters180Meeting AbstractOct://000259252100667Heikkinen, Paeivi van der Ven, Leo Korkalainen, Merja Lensu, Sanna Nittynen, Marjio Sankari, Satu Savolainen, Kari Andersson, Patrik L. Schrenk, Dieter Viluksela, Matti Suppl. 1 0378-4274ISI:0002592521006672.82610.1016/j.toxlet.2008.06.244^|?BKorkalainen, M. Herlin, M. Tamminen, A. Hkansson, H. Viluksela, M.20080Tributyltin modulates osteoblast differentiation S187-S187Toxicology Letters180Meeting AbstractOct://000259252100609YKorkalainen, Merja Herlin, Maria Tamminen, Arja Hkansson, Helen Viluksela, Matti Suppl. 1 0378-4274ISI:0002592521006092.82610.1016/j.to|?DLensu, S. Pohjanvirta, R. Tuomisto, J. Viluksela, M. Tuomisto, J. T.2008NNeophobia in rats and mice is an extremely sensitive endpoint of TCDD toxicityS36-S37Toxicology Letters180Meeting AbstractOct://000259252100112\Lensu, Sanna Pohjanvirta, Raimo Tuomisto, Jouko Viluksela, Matti Tuomisto, Jouni T. Suppl. 1 0378-4274ISI:0002592521001122.82610.1016/j.toP|?:Tampio, M. Markkanen, P. Hirvonen, M. R. Vahakangas, K. H.2008/Benzo(a)pyrene induced apoptosis in MCF-7 cellsS41-S42Toxicology Letters180Meeting AbstractOct://000259252100129TTampio, Marjo Markkanen, Piia Hirvonen, Maija-Riitta Vaehaekangas, Kirsi H. Suppl. 1 0378-4274ISI:0002592521001292.82610.1016/j.to{kwP|?Tuomisto, J. Holl, K. Rantakokko, P. Koskela, P. Hallmans, G. Wadell, G. Stattin, P. Dillner, J. Ogmundsdottir, H. M. Vartiainen, T. Lehtinen, M. Pukkala, E.2008IMaternal smoking during pregnancy, and testicular cancer in the offspring S163-S163Toxicology Letters180Meeting AbstractOct://000259252100529Tuomisto, Jouko Holl, Katsiaryna Rantakokko, Panu Koskela, Pentti Hallmans, Goeran Wadell, Goeran Stattin, Paer Dillner, Joakim Ogmundsdottir, Helga M. Vartiainen, Terttu Lehtinen, Matti Pukkala, Eero Suppl. 1 0378-4274ISI:0002592521005292.82610.1016/j.to ! |?-Niittynen, M. Tuomisto, J. T. Pohjanvirta, R.2008Effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on heme oxygenase-1, biliverdin IX alpha reductase and delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase 1 in rats with wild-type or variant AH receptor132-142 Toxicology2502-3ArticleSepG2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) causes hepatic accumulation of biliverdin and its monoglucuronide in moderately TCDD-resistant line B rats, but not in highly TCDD-resistant line A rats. In the mammalian heme degradation process, heme is cleaved to biliverdin by the rate-limiting enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Subsequently, biliverdin IX alpha reductase (BVRA) catalyzes the reduction of biliverdin to bilirubin. In heme biosynthesis, the rate-limiting enzyme is delta-aminolevulinic acid synthetase 1 (ALAS1). The effect of TCDD on HO-1, BVRA and ALAS1 was studied at the levels of mRNA (all three enzymes), protein expression (HO-1), and enzymatic activity (BVRA, liver only) in order to determine whether the accumulation of biliverdin could be due to their altered expression. In both lines A and B, 300 mu g/kg TCDD transiently repressed hepatic HO-I mRNA on day 2 but induced HO-1 protein expression at later time-points; however, the impact emerged earlier (day 14 vs. day 35) in line B rats. In spleen, TCDD repressed HO-I mRNA and protein expression in lines A and B through days 2-35, but did not affect its mRNA levels in TCDD-sensitive L-E rats (10 days after 100 mu g/kg). In all rat strains/lines, there was a strong repression of ALAS1 and a moderate induction of BVRA mRNA in liver, but mostly not in spleen. Hepatic BVRA activity was increased in lines A and B on day 14. At 5 weeks, it was still elevated in line A but reduced to 51% of control in line B. The results suggest that hepatic heme degradation is induced by TCDD in rats; however, this does not alone explain the accumulation of biliverdin in line B rats. Other factors such as the late repression of BVRA found here and possibly oxidative stress may be important contributors to biliverdin accumulation in these rats. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.://0002597519000096Niittynen, Marjo Tuomisto, Jouni T. Pohjanvirta, Raimo 0300-483XISI:0002597519000092.91910.1016Q? |?YSverrild, A. Backer, V. Kyvik, K. O. Kaprio, J. Milman, N. Svendsen, C. B. Thomsen, S. F.20084Heredity in sarcoidosis: a registry-based twin study894-896Thorax6310ArticleOctBackground: Sarcoidosis is a multiorgan granulomatous inflammatory disease of unknown aetiology. Familial clustering of cases and ethnic variation in the epidemiology suggests a genetic influence on susceptibility to the disease. This paper reports twin concordance and heritability estimates of sarcoidosis in order to assess the overall contribution of genetic factors to the disease susceptibility. Methods: Monozygotic and dizygotic twins enrolled in the Danish and the Finnish population-based national twin cohorts (61 662 pairs in total) were linked to diagnostic information on sarcoidosis obtained from the Danish National Patient Registry or the Social Insurance Institution, Finland registry of reimbursed medication using the 8th and 10th editions of the International Classification of Diseases. The Fisher exact test was used to compare probandwise concordance rates in different zygosity groups. Heritability was estimated based on a multifactorial threshold liability model. Results: A total of 210 twin pairs with at least one proband with a diagnosis of sarcoidosis were identified. The probandwise concordance rate was higher in monozygotic than in dizygotic twins (0.148 vs 0.012). Compared with the general population there was an 80-fold increased risk of developing sarcoidosis in co-twins of affected monozygotic brothers or sisters. The increased risk in dizygotic twins was only 7-fold. Aetiological model fitting gave a heritability of sarcoidosis of 0.66 (95% CI 0.45 to 0.80). Conclusions: This study suggests that genetic factors play an important role in the susceptibility to sarcoidosis. This result should encourage the search for molecular genetic markers of susceptibility to the disease.://000259586300013YSverrild, A. Backer, V. Kyvik, K. O. Kaprio, J. Milman, N. Svendsen, C. B. Thomsen, S. F. 0040-6376ISI:0002595863000136.22610.11{h|?ELehto, U. S. Ojanen, M. Vakeva, A. Aromaa, A. Kellokumpu-Lehtinen, P.20081Noncancer life stresses in newly diagnosed cancer 1231-1241Supportive Care in Cancer1611ArticleNovGoals of work Noncancer life stresses affect psychosocial stress processes and have an impact on quality of life (QOL) of the patients. However, investigating life stresses in cancer is a recent development. We evaluated the life stresses of newly diagnosed melanoma, breast cancer, and prostate cancer patients in detail and investigated their impact on QOL outcomes after localized cancer diagnosis. Materials and methods Life change events from the previous year (negative events, positive events, total impact of events, impacts of the negative events, and impacts of loss events) and chronic ongoing life strains were measured with the Life Experience Survey and the Chronic Strains Survey in newly diagnosed patients 3 months after the diagnosis. Also, perceived symptoms and QOL were measured, and in melanoma and breast cancer, these were repeated up to 2 years later. Results Noncancer life stress was common in newly diagnosed cancer patients: Both acute and chronic life stresses were experienced by four-fifths. Loss events (fateful negative events or social loss events) were reported by one-third. Many patients had a preceding chronic illness. Along with the cancer and treatment stresses, the noncancer life stresses predicted poorer QOL, particularly psychological and depressive symptoms. Different life stresses predicted slightly different domains of QOL, and depressive symptoms tended to be predicted by several kinds of life stresses. Baseline life stresses had impact also on later QOL in breast cancer. Conclusions Noncancer life stresses are common among newly diagnosed cancer patients and have impact on QOL, and thus they should be taken into account in cancer care. Screening for noncancer life stresses may offer means to enhance QOL outcomes in cancer.://000259770000003VLehto, Ulla-Sisko Ojanen, Markku Vakeva, Anna Aromaa, Arpo Kellokumpu-Lehtinen, Pirkko 0941-4355ISI:0002597700000032.12210.1007/s05H|?8Mattila, V. M. Pelkonen, M. Henriksson, M. Marttunen, M.2008VInjury risk in young psychiatric outpatients - An 11-year follow-up of 302 adolescents627-634.Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology438ArticleAprBackground Studies investigating the association between injuries and mental health have mainly focused on mental health sequelae of injuries. The aim of this prospective cohort study was to assess the incidence and risk factors of physical injury hospitalisation and poisoning hospitalisation among adolescent psychiatric outpatients. Subjects and methods Data on 302 consecutively referred Finnish psychiatric outpatients aged 12-22 years (mean 16) were collected at treatment entry. The end-point of the average 11-year follow-up was death or end of follow-up on 31 December 2005. The main outcome variables were physical injury hospitalisation and poisoning hospitalisation. Results Altogether 111 physical injury hospitalisations occurred in 65 (22% of all) persons during follow-up, incidence being 27.9 (95% CI: 22.7-33.1) per 1,000 person-years. Poisoning hospitalisation occurred in 22 (7.3%) persons, altogether 50 times, incidence being 12.6 (95% CI: 9.1-16.0). Seven injury-related deaths occurred, incidence being 1.8 (95% CI: 0.5-3.1) per 1,000 person-years. The most common physical injury types were fractures (40%), followed by distortions (10%) and wounds (10%), while poisoning for drugs accounted for 72% of the poisonings. Previous inpatient care, psychotropic medication, suicidality, and major depression were associated with poisoning hospitalisation during the follow-up while only gender was associated with physical injury hospitalisation. Conclusion Injuries cause significant morbidity among psychiatric outpatients, but only poisonings seem to be related with suicidality in Finnish adolescent psychiatric outpatients. The high frequency of injuries seems to justify clinicians' attention to these aspects when assessing the need for care among young people.://000259363900006GMattila, Ville M. Pelkonen, Mirjami Henriksson, Markus Marttunen, Mauri 0933-7954ISI:0002593639000061.94410.10070|?7Talala, K. Huurre, T. Aro, H. Martelin, T. Prattala, R.2008cSocio-demographic differences in self-reported psychological distress among 25-to 64-year-old Finns323-335Social Indicators Research862ArticleAprBackground Mental health problems are a major public health issue worldwide. The aim of this study was to assess the relative importance of socio-demographic characteristics associated with different domains of psychological distress in Finland. Methods Data source was a nationwide survey "Health Behaviour and Health among the Finnish Adult Population" (AVTK), from years 2002 to 2003 (N = 5425; response rate 66%). Psychological distress was measured by self-reported questions of general mental health (MHI-5), depression, insomnia and stress. Socio-demographic factors included education, employment status, partnership and children living in the household. Main analyses were conducted by multivariate logistic regression. Results Education, employment and partnership were associated with most of the psychological distress outcomes. Respondents with a lower educational level had poor mental health in both genders but less insomnia and stress in men. Those with an intermediate education had the least stress in women. The unemployed and retired were at a higher risk for poor mental health and depression. Moreover, employment status was associated with insomnia and stress in men. Respondents not having a partner showed a higher risk of psychological distress according to all measures. Not having children living in the household was associated with insomnia in women and with less stress in men. Conclusions Socio-demographic factors, such as having a partner and employment status, are associated with several measures of psychological distress indicating the importance of social and economic factors to psychological well-being. The association of education and of having children living at home varies by the domain of psychological distress measure.://000253529900009HTalala, Kirsi Huurre, Taina Aro, Hillevi Martelin, Tuija Prattala, Ritva 0303-8300ISI:0002535299000090.61010.1007/s1t|?uPalmer, C. G. S. Mallery, E. Turunen, J. A. Hsieh, H. J. Peltonen, L. Lonnqvist, J. Woodward, J. A. Sinsheimer, J. S.2008LEffect of Rhesus D incompatibility on schizophrenia depends on offspring sex135-145Schizophrenia Research1041-3ArticleSepRhesus D incompatibility increases risk for schizophrenia, with some evidence that risk is limited to m, le offspring. The purpose of this study is to determine whether risk for schizophrenia due to Rhesus D incompatibility differs by offspring sex using a nuclear family-based candidate gene approach and a meta-analysis approach. The genetic study is based on a sample 277 nuclear families with RHD genotype data oil at least one parent and at least one child diagnosed with schizophrenia or related disorder. Meta-analysis inclusion criteria were (1) well-defined sample of schizophrenia patients with majority born before 1970, (2) Rhesus D incompatibility phenotype or genotype data available on mother and offspring, and by offspring sex. Two of ten studies, plus the current genetic study sample, fulfilled these criteria, for a total of 358 affected males and 226 affected females. The genetic study found that schizophrenia risk for incompatible males was significantly greater than for compatible offspring (p=0.03), while risk for incompatible and compatible females was not significantly different (P=.32). Relative risks for incompatible males and females were not significantly different from each other. Meta-analysis using a larger number of affected males and females supports their difference. Taken together, these results provide further support that risk of schizophrenia due to Rhesus D incompatibility is limited to incompatible males, although a weak female incompatibility effect cannot be excluded. Sex differences during fetal neurodevelopment should be investigated to fully elucidate the etiology of schizophrenia. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.://000259879700015Palmer, Christina G. S. Mallery, Erin Turunen, Joni A. Hsieh, Hsin-Ju Peltonen, Leena Lonnqvist, Jouko Woodward, J. Arthur Sinsheimer, Janet S. 0920-9964ISI:0002598797000154.24010.1016/j.|?0Lampi, P. Tuomisto, J. Hakulinen, T. Pukkala, E.2008bFollow-up study of cancer incidence after chlorophenol exposure in a community in southern Finland230-2331Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health343ArticleJunObjectives In the 1970s and 1980s, people in a village in southern Finland had been exposed to high concentrations of chlorophenols in the drinking water and in fish from a nearby lake. An ecological analysis and a case-control study conducted around 1990 indicated significant excess in the incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and soft-tissue cancer in the municipality and a relationship between the chlorophenol exposure and the incidence of these cancers. The present article reports a follow-up of cancer risk in the same study area during a 20-year period after the closing of the old water intake plant, which was contaminated by chlorophenols. Methods The observed and expected numbers of cancer were obtained for three periods, 1953-1971 (before exposure), 1972-1986 (during exposure) and 1987-2006 (after exposure), for all cancers combined and separately for cancers potentially related to chlorophenols. Results The present study demonstrates that all of the cancer risks returned to the average population level during the 20-year period after the old water intake plant was closed and chlorophenol exposure stopped. Conclusions The rapid changes in cancer risk after changes in chlorophenol exposure suggest that chlorophenols may have a promotion effect in the carcinogenic process.://000257572700009:Lampi, Pentti Tuomisto, Jouko Hakulinen, Tim Pukkala, Eero 0355-3140ISI:0002575727000091.387\|?@Westman, J. Martelin, T. Harkanen, T. Koskinen, S. Sundquist, K.2008hMigration and self-rated health: a comparison between Finns living in Sweden and Finns living in Finland698-705%Scandinavian Journal of Public Health367ArticleSep0Aims: There is a lack of studies comparing health among immigrant groups with health among the population in their country of origin. This study compared the prevalence of self-rated poor health between Finns living in Sweden and Finns living in Finland. Methods: Data were obtained from the Swedish Annual Level of Living Survey between 1996 and 2003 and the Finnish national survey "Health 2000''. Odds ratios (OR) of self-rated poor health were estimated adjusting for age, marital status, education, employment and smoking. The participants were 21,991 Swedes and 836 Finns living in Sweden, and 5,096 Finns living in Finland. Results: For Finnish women living in Sweden the odds of self-rated poor health was significantly higher (OR=1.25, 95% CI=1.02-1.54) than for Finnish women living in Finland. An opposite pattern appeared among men; Finnish men living in Finland tended to have higher odds of self-rated poor health than Finnish men living in Sweden, although not to a statistically significant extent. In addition, Finns in Finland and in Sweden rated their health poorer than Swedes. Conclusions: Migration may have a different effect on Finnish men's and women's self-rated health. Further studies are needed to investigate the complex pathways between country of residence and self-rated health among immigrants.://000259231900005UWestman, Jeanette Martelin, Tuija Harkanen, Tommi Koskinen, Seppo Sundquist, Kristina 1403-4948ISI:0002592319000051.22210.1177/|?8Haapasalo, K. Jarva, H. Vuopio-Varkila, J. Jokiranta, S.2008zStreptococcus pyogenes: Acquisition of complement factor h and survival in human blood are decreased by polymorphism Y402H99"Scandinavian Journal of Immunology682Meeting AbstractAug://000257515700109FHaapasalo, Karita Jarva, Hanna Vuopio-Varkila, Jaana Jokiranta, Sakari 0300-9475ISI:0002575157001091.928|?\Kemppainen, U. Tossavainen, K. Vartiainen, E. Jokela, V. Puska, P. Pantelejev, V. Uhanov, M.2008Environmental factors as predictors of alcohol use among ninth-grade adolescents in Pitkaranta (Russian Karelia) and in eastern Finland769-777%Scandinavian Journal of Public Health367ReviewSepBackground: In Russia, tobacco and alcohol use by adolescents are serious problems. In Finland, as in many other European countries, alcohol use is a growing concern. Aims: This study aimed to find out whether similar environmental factors predict adolescents' alcohol use among 15-year old adolescents in two politically and economically different cultures: in the Pitkaranta district in Russian Karelia and in eastern Finland. Methods: Research data gathered by self-administered questionnaires from the second North Karelia Youth Study and the Pitkaranta Youth Study were analysed. Path models using the structural equation modelling (SEM) approach were constructed to test whether similar path structures fit for boys and girls in both countries, and to test whether regression coefficients are similar between the cultures and by gender. Results: The results showed that alcohol use by family members and best friend is positively related to adolescents' alcohol use both directly and indirectly. The best friend's alcohol use was the most important predictor of adolescents' own alcohol use in every sub-sample. When indirect influences were also identified, the significance of parents' and siblings' alcohol use, in addition to alcohol use by the best friends, was strongly supported. Conclusions: The results highlighted the importance of the process of peer selection for adolescents' choices, and the importance of offering support to the parents and to the health personnel working with children and adolescents.://000259231900014vKemppainen, Ulla Tossavainen, Kerttu Vartiainen, Erkki Jokela, Veikko Puska, Pekka Pantelejev, Vladimir Uhanov, Mihail 1403-4948ISI:0002592319000141.22210.1177/1403494808089650|?FYegutkin, G. Kiss, J. Niemela, J. Henttinen, T. Salmi, M. Jalkanen, S.2008JRole of purinergic signaling in the regulation of endothelial permeabilityS72-S72Purinergic Signalling4Meeting AbstractMay://000259156900142aYegutkin, Gennady Kiss, Jan Niemela, Jussi Henttinen, Tiina Salmi, Marko Jalkanen, Sirpa Suppl. 1 1573-9538ISI:000259156900142,|?Yegutkin, G. G.2008bRegulatory mechanisms of purinergic signaling in the vasculature in normal and pathological states S114-S114Purinergic Signalling4Meeting AbstractMay://000259156900221Yegutkin, Gennady G. Suppl. 1 1573-9538ISI:0002591569002210|?/Rintamaki, H. Salo, H. Vaarala, O. Kolho, K. L.2008kNovel means for monitoring the effect of glucocorticoid therapy in children with inflammatory bowel disease39-39(Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology43Meeting Abstract://000257329000058GRintamaki, Hanne Salo, Harri Vaarala, Outi Kolho, Kaija-Lena Suppl. 244 0036-5521ISI:000255(|?CMarttunen, M. Valikoski, M. Lindfors, O. Laaksonen, M. A. Knekt, P.2008Pretreatment clinical and psychosocial predictors of remission from depression after short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and solution-focused therapy: A 1-year follow-up study191-199Psychotherapy Research182ArticleThe mutual importance of different predictors of remission was studied in 163 outpatients with depression receiving either short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy or solution-focused therapy. After a 1-year follow-up, the percentage of remission significantly varied between sociodemographic subgroups and was dependent on severity of symptoms, personality disorder, and psychosocial factors but not on psychiatric history, previous psychiatric treatment, or type of therapy received. Simultaneous study showed that the most significant predictors were sense of coherence (based on Sense of Coherence Scale [SOCS]), symptom severity (based on Symptom Checklist-90 [SCL-90] Global Severity Index [GSI]), and education. The relative risks of remission between the lowest and highest quartiles of SOCS and SCL-90 GSI were 0.06 and 0.22 (95% confidence intervals = 0.01-0.35 and 0.05-0.97), respectively. In conclusion, several background factors, especially sense of coherence, predict remission.://000253504500008SMarttunen, Mauri Valikoski, Maarit Lindfors, Olavi Laaksonen, Maarit A. Knekt, Paul 1050-3307ISI:0002535045000081.98910.1080/10UC2|?gSalminen, J. K. Karlsson, H. Hietala, J. Kajander, J. Aalto, S. Markkula, J. Rasi-Hakala, H. Toikka, T.2008rShort-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and fluoxetine in major depressive disorder: A randomized comparative study351-357 Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics776ArticleABackground: There are few studies comparing the efficacy of short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy (STPP) and pharmacotherapy in major depressive disorder. We conducted a comparative study on the efficacy of STPP versus fluoxetine treatment in patients with major depressive disorder in a primary care setting. Methods: Fifty-one patients with major depressive disorder (DSM-IV) of mild or moderate severity were recruited through occupational health services providing primary health care. Patients were randomized to receive either STPP (1 session/week) or fluoxetine treatment (20-40 mg/day) for 16 weeks. The outcome measures included the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale (SOFAS). Results: Intent-to-treat analyses indicated that both treatments were highly effective in reducing the HDRS (p < 0.0001) and BDI (p < 0.0001) scores, as well as in improving functional ability (SOFAS; p < 0.0001), with no statistically significant differences between the treatments. Of those 40 subjects who completed the follow-up, 57% in the psychotherapy group and 68% in the fluoxetine group showed full remission (HDRS <= 7) after 4 months. Conclusions: Both STPP and pharmacological treatment with fluoxetine are effective in reducing symptoms and in improving functional ability of primary care patients with mild or moderate depression. This study suggests no marked differences in the therapeutic effects of these two treatment forms in a primary care setting. Copyright (c) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.://000259445800003Salminen, Jouko K. Karlsson, Hasse Hietala, Jarmo Kajander, Jaana Aalto, Sargo Markkula, Juha Rasi-Hakala, Helena Toikka, Tuula 0033-3190ISI:0002594458000035.022 |?vKnekt, P. Lindfors, O. Harkanen, T. Valikoski, M. Virtala, E. Laaksonen, M. A. Marttunen, M. Kaipainen, M. Renlund, C.2008Randomized trial on the effectiveness of long- and short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and solution-focused therapy on psychiatric symptoms during 3-year follow-up689-703Psychological Medicine385ArticleMayBackground. Insufficient evidence exists for a viable choice between long- and short-term psychotherapies in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. The present trial compares the effectiveness of one long-term therapy and two short-term therapies in the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders. Method. In the Helsinki Psychotherapy Study, 326 out-patients with mood (84.7%) or anxiety disorder (43.6%) were randomly assigned to three treatment groups (long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy, short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy, and solution-focused therapy) and were followed up for 3 years from start of treatment. Primary outcome measures were depressive symptoms measured by self-report Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and observer-rated Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), and anxiety symptoms measured by self-report Symptom Check List Anxiety Scale (SCL-90-Anx) and observer-rated Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA). Results. A statistically significant reduction of symptoms was noted for BDI (51%), HAMD (36%), SCL-90-Anx (41%) and HAMA (38%) during the 3-year follow-up. Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy was more effective than long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy during the first year, showing 15-27% lower scores for the four outcome measures. During the second year of follow-up no significant differences were found between the short-term and long-term therapies, and after 3 years of follow-up long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy was more effective with 14-37% lower scores for the outcome variables. No statistically significant differences were found in the effectiveness of the short-term therapies. Conclusions. Short-term therapies produce benefits more quickly than long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy but in the long run long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy is superior to short-term therapies. However, more research is needed to determine which patients should be given long-term psychotherapy for the treatment of mood or anxiety disorders.://000255474600011vKnekt, P. Lindfors, O. Harkanen, T. Valikoski, M. Virtala, E. Laaksonen, M. A. Marttunen, M. Kaipainen, M. Renlund, C. 0033-2917ISI:0002554746000114.21210.1017/s003329170700164x]|?@Herva, A. Pouta, A. Hakko, H. Laksy, K. Joukamaa, M. Veijola, J.2008[Birth measures and depression at age 31 years: The Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study263-270Psychiatry Research1603ArticleSepThe aim of the study was to explore whether there is an association between body size at birth measured by birth weight and ponderal index and later depression at the age of 31 years. The analyses were based on 4007 males and 4332 females born in 1966 in the two northernmost provinces of Finland with data on current depression measured by the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 questionnaire (HSCL-25) and self-reported physician-diagnosed lifetime depression at 31 years and childhood characteristics. The associations between birth measures and later depression were analysed with several confounding factors including maternal depression during pregnancy. Low birth measures did not associate with adult depression in men or women. Women with high birth weight (>= 4500 g) had a higher risk for current depression compared to women with birth weight 3000 g-3499 g. Women with high ponderal index (the highest 90-95 percentiles and >= 95 percentiles) had a 1.53-1.55 higher likelihood for current depression compared with women with normal ponderal index. Based on this Study, large body size at birth may be a risk factor for later depression. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.://000260061800004UHerva, Anne Pouta, Anneli Hakko, Helina Laksy, Kristian Joukamaa, Matti Veijola, Juha 0165-1781ISI:0002600618000042.29810.1016/j.psychres.2007.07.020 B /L|?Pietilainen, K. H. Naukkarinen, J. Rissanen, A. Saharinen, J. Ellonen, P. Keranen, H. Suomalainen, A. Gotz, A. Suortti, T. Yki-Jarvinen, H. Oresic, M. Kaprio, J. Peltonen, L.2008kGlobal transcript profiles of fat in monozygotic twins discordant for BMI: Pathways behind acquired obesity472-483 Plos Medicine53ArticleMarBackground The acquired component of complex traits is difficult to dissect in humans. Obesity represents such a trait, in which the metabolic and molecular consequences emerge from complex interactions of genes and environment. With the substantial morbidity associated with obesity, a deeper understanding of the concurrent metabolic changes is of considerable importance. The goal of this study was to investigate this important acquired component and expose obesity-induced changes in biological pathways in an identical genetic background. Methods and Findings We used a special study design of "clonal controls,'' rare monozygotic twins discordant for obesity identified through a national registry of 2,453 young, healthy twin pairs. A total of 14 pairs were studied ( eight male, six female; white), with a mean +/- standard deviation (SD) age 25.8 +/- 6 1.4 y and a body mass index (BMI) difference 5.2 +/- 6 1.8 kg/m(2). Sequence analyses of mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) in subcutaneous fat and peripheral leukocytes revealed no aberrant heteroplasmy between the co-twins. However, mtDNA copy number was reduced by 47% in the obese co-twin's fat. In addition, novel pathway analyses of the adipose tissue transcription profiles exposed significant down-regulation of mitochondrial branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolism ( p < 0.0001). In line with this finding, serum levels of insulin secretion-enhancing BCAAs were increased in obese male co-twins ( 9% increase, p= 0.025). Lending clinical relevance to the findings, in both sexes the observed aberrations in mitochondrial amino acid metabolism pathways in fat correlated closely with liver fat accumulation, insulin resistance, and hyperinsulinemia, early aberrations of acquired obesity in these healthy young adults. Conclusions Our findings emphasize a substantial role of mitochondrial energy-and amino acid metabolism in obesity and development of insulin resistance.://000254928900020Pietilainen, Kirsi H. Naukkarinen, Jussi Rissanen, Aila Saharinen, Juha Ellonen, Pekka Keranen, Heli Suomalainen, Anu Gotz, Alexandra Suortti, Tapani Yki-Jarvinen, Hannele Oresic, Matej Kaprio, Jaakko Peltonen, Leena 1549-1277ISI:00025492890002012.601 051 10.1371/j |?Mossong, J. Hens, N. Jit, M. Beutels, P. Auranen, K. Mikolajczyk, R. Massari, M. Salmaso, S. Tomba, G. S. Wallinga, J. Heijne, J. Sadkowska-Todys, M. Rosinska, M. Edmunds, W. J.2008QSocial contacts and mixing patterns relevant to the spread of infectious diseases381-391 Plos Medicine53ArticleMar@Background Mathematical modelling of infectious diseases transmitted by the respiratory or close-contact route ( e. g., pandemic influenza) is increasingly being used to determine the impact of possible interventions. Although mixing patterns are known to be crucial determinants for model outcome, researchers often rely on a priori contact assumptions with little or no empirical basis. We conducted a population- based prospective survey of mixing patterns in eight European countries using a common paper- diary methodology. Methods and Findings 7,290 participants recorded characteristics of 97,904 contacts with different individuals during one day, including age, sex, location, duration, frequency, and occurrence of physical contact. We found that mixing patterns and contact characteristics were remarkably similar across different European countries. Contact patterns were highly assortative with age: schoolchildren and young adults in particular tended to mix with people of the same age. Contacts lasting at least one hour or occurring on a daily basis mostly involved physical contact, while short duration and infrequent contacts tended to be nonphysical. Contacts at home, school, or leisure were more likely to be physical than contacts at the workplace or while travelling. Preliminary modelling indicates that 5- to 19-year-olds are expected to suffer the highest incidence during the initial epidemic phase of an emerging infection transmitted through social contacts measured here when the population is completely susceptible. Conclusions To our knowledge, our study provides the first large-scale quantitative approach to contact patterns relevant for infections transmitted by the respiratory or close-contact route, and the results should lead to improved parameterisation of mathematical models used to design control strategies.://000254928900013Mossong, Joeel Hens, Niel Jit, Mark Beutels, Philippe Auranen, Kari Mikolajczyk, Rafael Massari, Marco Salmaso, Stefania Tomba, Gianpaolo Scalia Wallinga, Jacco Heijne, Janneke Sadkowska-Todys, Malgorzata Rosinska, Magdalena Edmunds, W. John 1549-1277ISI:00025492890001312.601 074 10.1371/jo|?Nascimento-Carvalho, C. M. Ribeiro, C. T. Cardoso, M. R. A. Barral, A. Araujo-Neto, C. A. Oliveira, J. R. Sobral, L. S. Viriato, D. Souza, A. L. Saukkoriipi, A. Paldanius, M. Vainionpaa, R. Leinonen, M. Ruuskanen, O.2008}The role of respiratory viral infections among children hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia in a developing country939-941$Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal2710ArticleOctWe report an investigation for 16 bacteria and viruses among 184 children hospitalized with pneumonia in Salvador, Brazil. Etiology was established in 144 (78%) cases. Viral, bacterial, and mixed infections were found in 110 (60%), 77 (42%), and 52 (28%) patients, respectively. Rhinovirus (21%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (21%) were the most common pathogens. Our results demonstrate the importance of viral and pneumococcal infections among those patients.://000259765400023Nascimento-Carvalho, Cristiana M. Ribeiro, Catarina T. Cardoso, Maria Regina A. Barral, Aldina Araujo-Neto, Cesar A. Oliveira, Juliana R. Sobral, Luciana S. Viriato, Daniel Souza, Andre L. Saukkoriipi, Annika Paldanius, Mika Vainionpaa, Raija Leinonen, Maija Ruuskanen, Olli 0891-3668ISI:0002597654000233.08610.1097/IN S|?Kajantie, E. Hovi, P. Raikkonen, K. Pesonen, A. K. Heinonen, K. Jarvenpaa, A. L. Eriksson, J. G. Strang-Karlsson, S. Andersson, S.2008Young adults with very low birth weight: Leaving the parental home and sexual relationships - Helsinki study of very low birth weight adultsE62-E72 Pediatrics1221ArticleJulOBJECTIVE. Although most children and adults who are born very preterm live healthy lives, they have, on average, lower cognitive scores, more internalizing behaviors, and deficits in social skills. This could well affect their transition to adulthood. We studied the tempo of first leaving the parental home and starting cohabitation with an intimate partner and sexual experience of young adults with very low birth weight (< 1500 g). METHODS. In conjunction with the Helsinki Study of Very Low Birth Weight Adults, 162 very low birth weight individuals and 188 individuals who were born at term (mean age: 22.3 years [range: 18.5-27.1]) and did not have any major disability filled out a questionnaire. For analysis of their ages at events which had not occurred in all subjects, we used survival analysis (Cox regression), adjusted for gender, current height, parents' ages at the birth, maternal smoking during pregnancy, parental educational attainment, number of siblings, and parental divorce/death. RESULTS. During their late teens and early adulthood, these very low birth weight adults were less likely to leave the parental home and to start cohabiting with an intimate partner. In gender-stratified analyses, these hazard ratios were similar between genders, but the latter was statistically significant for women only. These very low birth weight adults were also less likely to experience sexual intercourse. This relationship was statistically significant for women but not for men; however, very low birth weight women and men both reported a smaller lifetime number of sex partners than did control subjects. CONCLUSIONS. Healthy young adults with very low birth weight show a delay in leaving the parental home and starting sexual activity and partnerships.://000257271200069Kajantie, Eero Hovi, Petteri Raikkonen, Katri Pesonen, Anu-Katriina Heinonen, Kati Jarvenpaa, Anna-Liisa Eriksson, Johan G. Strang-Karlsson, Sonja Andersson, Sture 0031-4005ISI:0002572712000694.47310.1542/peds.2007-3858^|?Koskenvuo, M. Mottonen, M. Rahiala, J. Saarinen-Pihkala, U. M. Riikonen, P. Waris, M. Ziegler, T. Uhari, M. Salmi, T. T. Ruuskanen, O.20086Respiratory Viral Infections in Children With Leukemia974-980$Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal2711ArticleNov.Background: Respiratory viruses Occur frequently in the community and are a common cause of fever in children. Data oil respiratory viral infections in children with cancer are limited. Methods: A long-term, prospective, multicenter study was carried out in Finland searching for respiratory viruses in febrile children with leukemia. For this purpose, 138 febrile episodes in 51 children with leukemia were analyzed. Twelve types of respiratory viruses were searched for by viral culture, antigen detection, and polymerase chain reaction tests. Results: Evidence of a respiratory viral infection Was found in 61 of 138 febrile episodes (44%), accounting for an incidence of 0.8 (range, 0-2.4) per person year at risk during the treatment of leukemia. The most common viruses detected were rhinovirus (22%), respiratory syncytial virus (11%), human bocavirus (5%), and influenza A virus (4%). Dual viral infections were detected in 12 cases (9%). Half of the children had respiratory symptoms with cough being the most common symptom. Two children developed pneumonia. The mean duration of fever was 2.6 (SD 1.7) days in children with respiratory viral infection and 2.1 (SD 1.3) days in children Without evidence of viral infection (P = 0.44). Conclusions: Respiratory viruses are found commonly during febrile episodes in children with leukemia. The detection of viruses permits the use of available antiviral agents. may explain a poor response to antimicrobial agents, and minimizes the proportion of febrile episodes without possible etiologic agents in children with leukemia.://000260648400005Koskenvuo, Minna Mottonen, Merja Rahiala, Jaana Saarinen-Pihkala, Ulla M. Riikonen, Pekka Waris, Matti Ziegler, Thedi Uhari, Matti Salmi, Toivo T. Ruuskanen, Olli 0891-3668ISI:0002606484000053.21510.1097/INF.0b013e31817b0799 St|?~fPirkola, J. Vaarasmaki, M. Leinonen, E. Bloigu, A. Veijola, R. Tossavainen, P. Knip, M. Tapanainen, P.2008rMaternal type 1 and gestational diabetes: postnatal differences in insulin secretion in offspring at preschool age583-589Pediatric Diabetes96ArticleDecyPirkola J, Vaarasmaki M, Leinonen E, Bloigu A, Veijola R, Tossavainen P, Knip M, Tapanainen P. Maternal type 1 and gestational diabetes: postnatal differences in insulin secretion in offspring at preschool age.Pediatric Diabetes 2008: 9: 583-589. It is well known that children born to mothers with diabetes in pregnancy are more likely to develop metabolic abnormalities in later life. Most prior studies have not differentiated between offspring of mothers with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and gestational diabetes (GDM) or lack a control group of non-exposed offspring. Offspring of T1DM (n = 16), GDM (n = 22) and mothers without diabetes (n = 25) born at Oulu University Hospital. To assess insulin secretion and insulin resistance in the offspring of T1DM and GDM at preschool age in comparison with offspring of non-diabetic mothers. Anthropometric measurements and intravenous glucose tolerance testing were performed. First-phase insulin response (FPIR) and homoeostasis model assessment (HOMA) values were calculated. Pregnancy and birth data were analysed in relation to later metabolic parameters in all three groups using one-way analysis of variance (anova) and analysis of covariance (ancova). At a mean age of 4.9 yr, offspring of T1DM had increased fasting serum insulin concentrations (p = 0.044), FPIR (p = 0.034) and HOMA-B values (p = 0.008) compared with offspring of GDM or with offspring of healthy controls (statistically non-significant). The GDM gained least weight during pregnancy, and when adjusted for maternal weight gain during pregnancy, there were no statistically significant differences between study groups. Prenatal exposures to maternal type 1 and gestational diabetes may have different effects on postnatal glucose metabolism in the offspring assessed at a mean age close to 5 yr. Maternal weight gain in pregnancy may affect the postnatal glucose metabolism in the offspring.://000261080000009~Pirkola, Jatta Vaarasmaki, Marja Leinonen, Erja Bloigu, Aini Veijola, Riitta Tossavainen, Paivi Knip, Mikael Tapanainen, Paivi 1399-543XISI:0002610800000092.314 10.1111/j.1399wl|?}\Luopajarvi, K. Savilahti, E. Virtanen, S. M. Ilonen, J. Knip, M. Akerblom, H. K. Vaarala, O.2008nEnhanced levels of cow's milk antibodies in infancy in children who develop type 1 diabetes later in childhood434-441Pediatric Diabetes95ArticleOctBackground: Early exposure to cow's milk (CM) proteins have been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Objective: We analyzed the development of the humoral immune response to dietary CM proteins in early childhood and its relation to later T1D. Subjects and methods: We studied a subgroup of 94 children randomized to be weaned to a CM-based infant formula in the trial to reduce insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in the genetically at risk (TRIGR) pilot study. All subjects carried human leukocyte antigen-conferred T1D susceptibility and had an affected first-degree relative. After 7 years of follow-up, 8 subjects had progressed to T1D, 15 had at least one disease-associated autoantibody, and 71 remained autoantibody negative (controls). Immunoglobulin (Ig) G and IgA class antibodies to whole CM formula, beta-lactoglobulin (BLG), bovine serum albumin, and alpha-casein and IgG antibodies to bovine insulin (BI) were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays from sequential samples. Results: The children with later T1D showed increased IgG levels to BLG from 3 to 18 months of age (p = 0.028) and enhanced IgA levels to CM formula at the age of 9 months (p = 0.022) compared with controls. In the children with an affected father or sibling, IgG antibodies to BI were higher in autoantibody-positive subjects than in autoantibody-negative subjects at 18 months of age (p = 0.022). Conclusion: An enhanced humoral immune response to various CM proteins in infancy is seen in a subgroup of those children who later progress to T1D. Accordingly, a dysregulated immune response to oral antigens is an early event in the pathogenesis of T1D.://000259310600002sLuopajarvi, Kristiina Savilahti, Erkki Virtanen, Suvi M. Ilonen, Jorma Knip, Mikael Akerblom, Hans K. Vaarala, Outi 1399-543XISI:0002593106000022.314 10.1111/j.1399S|?|TPoikonen, S. Puumalainen, T. J. Kautiainen, H. Palosuo, T. Reunala, T. Turjanmaa, K.2008fSensitization to turnip rape and oilseed rape in children with atopic dermatitis: a case-control study408-411 Pediatric Allergy and Immunology195ArticleAugTurnip rape and oilseed rape 2S albumins are new allergens in children with atopic dermatitis suspected for food allergy. We recently found that 11% (206/1887) of these children had a positive skin prick test to seeds of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) and/or turnip rape (Brassica rapa). In the present case-control study we examined how the children with atopic dermatitis sensitized to turnip rape and oilseed rape had been breast-fed and whether they had some common sensitization pattern to certain foods or pollens. A total of 64 children with atopic dermatitis and a positive skin prick test to turnip rape and/or oilseed rape (>= 5 mm) were examined. Sixty-four age- and sex-matched children with atopic dermatitis but negative skin prick tests to turnip rape and oilseed rape served as case controls. The turnip rape and/or oilseed rape sensitized children with atopic dermatitis had significantly more often positive skin prick tests reactions and IgE antibodies to various foods (cow's milk, egg, wheat, mustard; p < 0.01) and pollens (birch, timothy, mugwort; p < 0.01) than the control children. They had been exclusively breast-fed for a longer period (median 4 months; p < 0.05) and had more often associated asthma (36%) and allergic rhinitis (44%). Children with atopic dermatitis sensitized to oilseed rape and turnip rape had high frequency of associated sensitizations to all foods and pollens tested showing that oilseed plant sensitization affects especially atopic children who have been sensitized to multiple allergens.://000257570900005hPoikonen, Sanna Puumalainen, Tuija J. Kautiainen, Hannu Palosuo, Timo Reunala, Timo Turjanmaa, Kristiina 0905-6157ISI:0002575709000052.454 10.1111/j.1399 |?{Haukka, E. Leino-Arjas, P. Viikari-Juntura, E. Takala, E. P. Malmivaara, A. Hopsu, L. Mutanen, P. Ketola, R. Virtanen, T. Pehkonen, I. Holtari-Leino, M. Nykanen, J. Stenholm, S. Nykyri, E. Riihimaki, H.2008xA randomised controlled trial on whether a participatory ergonomics intervention could prevent musculoskeletal disorders849-856'Occupational and Environmental Medicine6512ArticleDecAObjectives: To examine the efficacy of a participatory ergonomics intervention in preventing musculoskeletal disorders among kitchen workers. Participatory ergonomics is commonly recommended to reduce musculoskeletal disorders, but evidence for its effectiveness is sparse. Methods: A cluster randomised controlled trial among the 504 workers of 119 kitchens in Finland was conducted during 2002-2005. Kitchens were randomised to an intervention (n = 59) and control (n = 60) group. The duration of the intervention that guided the workers to identify strenuous work tasks and to seek solutions for decreasing physical and mental workload, was 11 to 14 months. In total, 402 ergonomic changes were implemented. The main outcome measures were the occurrence of and trouble caused by musculoskeletal pain in seven anatomical sites, local fatigue after work, and sick leave due to musculoskeletal disorders. Individual level data were collected by a questionnaire at baseline and every 3 months during the intervention and 1-year follow-up period. All response rates exceeded 92%. Results: No systematic differences in any outcome variable were found between the intervention and control groups during the intervention or during the 1-year follow-up. Conclusions: The intervention did not reduce perceived physical work load and no evidence was found for the efficacy of the intervention in preventing musculoskeletal disorders among kitchen workers. It may be that a more comprehensive redesign of work organisation and processes is needed, taking more account of workers' physical and mental resources.://000260999600010Haukka, E. Leino-Arjas, P. Viikari-Juntura, E. Takala, E-P Malmivaara, A. Hopsu, L. Mutanen, P. Ketola, R. Virtanen, T. Pehkonen, I. Holtari-Leino, M. Nykanen, J. Stenholm, S. Nykyri, E. Riihimaki, H. 1351-0711ISI:0002609996000102.81710.1136/oem.2007.034579 |?zBOrtega-Alonso, A. Sipila, S. Kujala, U. M. Kaprio, J. Rantanen, T.2008aBody fat and mobility are explained by common genetic and environmental influences in older women 1616-1621Obesity167ArticleJulfIn older adults, mobility limitations often coexist with overweight or obesity, suggesting that similar factors may underlie both traits. This study examined the extent to which genetic and environmental influences explain the association between adiposity and mobility in older women. Body fat percentage (bioimpedance test), walking speed over 10 m, and distance walked in a 6-min test were evaluated in 92 monozygotic (MZ) and 104 dizygotic (DZ) pairs of twin sisters reared together, aged 63-76 years. Genetic and environmental influences on each trait were estimated using age-adjusted multivariate genetic modeling. The analyses showed that the means ( and s.d.) for body fat percentage, walking speed, and walking endurance were 33.2 +/- 7.3%, 1.7 +/- 0.3 m/s and 529.7 +/- 75.4 m, respectively. The phenotypic correlation between adiposity and walking speed was -0.32 and between adiposity and endurance it was -0.33. Genetic influences explained 80% of the association between adiposity and speed, and 65% of adiposity and walking endurance. Cross-trait genetic influences accounted for 12% of the variability in adiposity, 56% in walking speed, and 34% in endurance. Trait-specific genetic influences were also detected for adiposity (54%) and walking endurance (13%), but not speed. In conclusion, among community-living older women, an inverse association was found between adiposity and mobility that was mostly due to the effect of shared genes. This result suggests that the identification of genetic variants for body fat metabolism may also provide understanding of the development of mobility limitations in older women.://000257325300023WOrtega-Alonso, Alfredo Sipilae, Sarianna Kujala, Urho M. Kaprio, Jaakko Rantanen, Taina 1930-7381ISI:0002573253000231.52010.10+|?yxGraner, M. Kahri, J. Varpula, M. Salonen, R. M. Nyyssonen, K. Jauhiainen, M. Nieminen, M. S. Syvanne, M. Taskinen, M. R.2008Apolipoprotein E polymorphism is associated with both carotid and coronary atherosclerosis in patients with coronary artery disease271-2770Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases184ArticleMayBackground and aims: Apolipoprotein E (apoE) polymorphism plays a significant rote in the development of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine the association between apoE polymorphism and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), and severity and extent of coronary artery disease (CAD). Methods and results: B-mode ultrasound and quantitative coronary angiography thickness (QCA) were used to assess carotid, and coronary artery atherosclerosis in 91 patients with clinically suspected CAD referred for cardiac catheterization. Two apoE phenotype groups were defined: apoE3 (E3/E3) and apoE4 (including E4/E3, E4/E4 phenotypes). Maximum IMT was higher in the apoE4 group than in the apoE3 group (p = 0.022). The global atheroma burden index was similarly higher in the apoE4 group than in the apoE3 group (p = 0.033). ApoE4 subjects had higher levels of apolipoprotein B (apoB) (p = 0.008), triglycerides (p = 0.006), remnant lipoprotein-cholesterol (RLP-C) (p = 0.023), and lipoprotein(a) [(Lp(a)] (p = 0.041) than apoE3 subjects. The mean LDL particle size was smaller in the apoE4 group than in the apoE3 group (p = 0.041). Conclusions: ApoE polymorphism was associated with both carotid and coronary atherosclerosis. Patients with the apoE4 isoform had an increased carotid IMT and a more severe and extensive CAD than patients with the apoE3 isoform. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.://000257513000004Graner, Marit Kahri, Juhani Varpula, Marjut Salonen, Riitta M. Nyyssoenen, Kristiina Jauhiainen, Matti Nieminen, Markku S. Syvaenne, Mikko Taskinen, Marja-Riitta 0939-4753ISI:0002575130000043.17410.1016/j.numecd.2007.01.003A|?x4Ceriello, A. Colagiuri, S. Gerich, J. Tuomilehto, J.2008,Guideline for management of postmeal glucoseS17-S330Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases184ReviewMayAn estimated 246 million people worldwide have diabetes. Diabetes is a leading cause of death in most developed countries, and is reaching epidemic proportions in many developing and newly industrialized nations. Poorly controlled diabetes is associated with the development of renal failure, vision toss, macrovascular diseases and amputations. Large controlled clinical trials have demonstrated that intensive treatment of diabetes can significantly decrease the development and/or progression of microvascular complications of diabetes. There appears to be no glycaemic threshold for reduction of diabetes complications; the lower the glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), the tower the risk. The progressive relationship between plasma glucose Levels and cardiovascular risk extends well. below the diabetic threshold. Until recently, the predominant focus of therapy has been on lowering HbA1c levels, with a strong emphasis on fasting plasma glucose. Although control of fasting hyperglycaemia is necessary, it is usually insufficient to obtain optimal glycaemic control. A growing body of evidence suggests that reducing postmeal plasma glucose excursions is as important, or perhaps more important for achieving HbA1c goals. This guideline reviews the evidence on the harmful effects of elevated postmeal glucose and makes recommendations on its treatment, assessment and targets. (C) 2007 International Diabetes Federation. Published by Elsevier B.V. All. rights reserved.://000257513000013DCeriello, Antonio Colagiuri, Stephen Gerich, John Tuomilehto, Jaakko 0939-4753ISI:0002575130000133.17410.1016/j.numecd.2008.01.012|?w{Kantojarvi, L. Miettunen, J. Veijola, J. Laksy, K. Karvonen, J. T. Ekelund, J. Jarvelin, M. R. Lichtermann, D. Joukamaa, M.2008LTemperament profiles in personality disorders among a young adult population423-430Nordic Journal of Psychiatry626ArticleThe objective of this study was to describe the temperament dimension profiles assessed by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) among young adults with the DSM-III-R personality disorder (PD). Our hypothesis was that PD clusters and separate PDs can be distinguished from one another by their specific temperament profiles. As a part of the 31-year follow-up survey of the prospective Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort, the cohort members living in the city of Oulu at the age of 31 years (n=1609) were invited to participate in a two-phase field study. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R for PDs (SCID-II) was used as diagnostic instrument. The final study sample consisted of the 1311 subjects who had completed the Hopkins Symptom Check List-25 questionnaire for screening and had given a written informed consent. Of the 321 SCID interviewed subjects, 74 met the criteria for at least one PD and had completed the TCI. The mean TCI scores of subjects with PD and control subjects without PD (n=910) were compared. Low Novelty Seeking, high Harm Avoidance and low Reward Dependence characterized cluster A and C PDs. Subjects with a cluster B PD did not differ from controls, except for Novelty Seeking, which was high. The temperament dimensions could not distinguish different PDs very well, with the only exception of persons with obsessive-compulsive PD. PD clusters were associated with different profiles of temperament, lending some support for Cloninger's typology.://000261088600002Kantojarvi, Liisa Miettunen, Jouko Veijola, Juha Laksy, Kristian Karvonen, Juha T. Ekelund, Jesper Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta Lichtermann, Dirk Joukamaa, Matti 0803-9488ISI:0002610886000020.75210.1080/08039480801959224 * <|?vLudvigsson, J. Faresjo, M. Hjorth, M. Axelsson, S. Cheramy, M. Pihl, M. Vaarala, O. Forsander, G. Ivarsson, S. Johansson, C. Lindh, A. Nilsson, N. O. Aman, J. Ortqvist, E. Zerhouni, P. Casas, R.2008CGAD treatment and insulin secretion in recent-onset type 1 diabetes 1909-1920New England Journal of Medicine35918ArticleOctBackground: The 65-kD isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is a major autoantigen in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. This trial assessed the ability of alum-formulated GAD (GAD-alum) to reverse recent-onset type 1 diabetes in patients 10 to 18 years of age. Methods: We randomly assigned 70 patients with type 1 diabetes who had fasting C-peptide levels above 0.1 nmol per liter (0.3 ng per milliliter) and GAD autoantibodies, recruited within 18 months after receiving the diagnosis of diabetes, to receive subcutaneous injections of 20 microg of GAD-alum (35 patients) or placebo (alum alone, 35 patients) on study days 1 and 30. At day 1 and months 3, 9, 15, 21, and 30, patients underwent a mixed-meal tolerance test to stimulate residual insulin secretion (measured as the C-peptide level). The effect of GAD-alum on the immune system was also studied. Results: Insulin secretion gradually decreased in both study groups. The study treatment had no significant effect on change in fasting C-peptide level after 15 months (the primary end point). Fasting C-peptide levels declined from baseline levels significantly less over 30 months in the GAD-alum group than in the placebo group (-0.21 vs. -0.27 nmol per liter [-0.62 vs. -0.81 ng per milliliter], P=0.045), as did stimulated secretion measured as the area under the curve (-0.72 vs. -1.02 nmol per liter per 2 hours [-2.20 vs. -3.08 ng per milliliter per 2 hours], P=0.04). No protective effect was seen in patients treated 6 months or more after receiving the diagnosis. Adverse events appeared to be mild and similar in frequency between the two groups. The GAD-alum treatment induced a GAD-specific immune response. Conclusions: GAD-alum may contribute to the preservation of residual insulin secretion in patients with recent-onset type 1 diabetes, although it did not change the insulin requirement. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00435981.).://000260454500007Ludvigsson, Johnny Faresjo, Maria Hjorth, Maria Axelsson, Stina Cheramy, Mikael Pihl, Mikael Vaarala, Outi Forsander, Gun Ivarsson, Sten Johansson, Calle Lindh, Agne Nilsson, Nils-Osten Aman, Jan Ortqvist, Eva Zerhouni, Peter Casas, Rosaura 0028-4793ISI:000265|?t`Marttila, M. Nuutinen, E. Brudzewsky, D. Ollila, S. Donner, K. Pelin, K. Wallgren-Pettersson, C.2008nFunctional study of mutated beta-tropomyosin causing nemaline myopathy, cap myopathy and distal arthrogryposis807-807Neuromuscular Disorders189-10Meeting AbstractOct://000259774900279`Marttila, M. Nuutinen, E. Brudzewsky, D. Ollila, S. Donner, K. Pelin, K. Wallgren-Pettersson, C. 0960-8966ISI:0002597749002792.66710.1016/ |?u Alimohammadi, M. Bjorklund, P. Hallgren, A. Pontynen, N. Szinnai, G. Shikama, N. Keller, M. P. Ekwall, O. Kinkel, S. A. Husebye, E. S. Gustafsson, J. Rorsman, F. Peltonen, L. Betterle, C. Perheentupa, J. Akerstrom, G. Westin, G. Scott, H. S. Hollander, G. A. Kampe, O.2008KAutoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 and NALP5, parathyroid autoantigen 1018-1028New England Journal of Medicine35810ArticleMar,Background: Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS-1) is a multiorgan autoimmune disorder caused by mutations in AIRE, the autoimmune regulator gene. Though recent studies concerning AIRE deficiency have begun to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of organ-specific autoimmunity in patients with APS-1, the autoantigen responsible for hypoparathyroidism, a hallmark of APS-1 and its most common autoimmune endocrinopathy, has not yet been identified. Methods: We performed immunoscreening of a human parathyroid complementary DNA library, using serum samples from patients with APS-1 and hypoparathyroidism, to identify patients with reactivity to the NACHT leucine-rich-repeat protein 5 (NALP5). Subsequently, serum samples from 87 patients with APS-1 and 293 controls, including patients with other autoimmune disorders, were used to determine the frequency and specificity of autoantibodies against NALP5. In addition, the expression of NALP5 was investigated in various tissues. Results: NALP5-specific autoantibodies were detected in 49% of the patients with APS-1 and hypoparathyroidism but were absent in all patients with APS-1 but without hypoparathyroidism, in all patients with other autoimmune endocrine disorders, and in all healthy controls. NALP5 was predominantly expressed in the cytoplasm of parathyroid chief cells. Conclusions: NALP5 appears to be a tissue-specific autoantigen involved in hypoparathyroidism in patients with APS-1. Autoantibodies against NALP5 appear to be highly specific and may be diagnostic for this prominent component of APS-1.://000253644700006QAlimohammadi, Mohammad Bjorklund, Peyman Hallgren, Asa Pontynen, Nora Szinnai, Gabor Shikama, Noriko Keller, Marcel P. Ekwall, Olov Kinkel, Sarah A. Husebye, Eystein S. Gustafsson, Jan Rorsman, Fredrik Peltonen, Leena Betterle, Corrado Perheentupa, Jaakko Akerstrom, Goran Westin, Gunnar Scott, Hamish S. Hollaender, Georg A. Kampe, Olle 0028-4793ISI:00025364470000652.589 ^D|?sZeggini, E. Scott, L. J. Saxena, R. Voight, B. F. Marchini, J. L. Hu, T. de Bakker, P. I. W. Abecasis, G. R. Almgren, P. Andersen, G. Ardlie, K. Bostroem, K. B. Bergman, R. N. Bonnycastle, L. L. Borch-Johnsen, K. Burtt, N. P. Chen, H. Chines, P. S. Daly, M. J. Deodhar, P. Ding, C. J. Doney, A. S. F. Duren, W. L. Elliott, K. S. Erdos, M. R. Frayling, T. M. Freathy, R. M. Gianniny, L. Grallert, H. Grarup, N. Groves, C. J. Guiducci, C. Hansen, T. Herder, C. Hitman, G. A. Hughes, T. E. Isomaa, B. Jackson, A. U. Jorgensen, T. Kong, A. Kubalanza, K. Kuruvilla, F. G. Kuusisto, J. Langenberg, C. Lango, H. Lauritzen, T. Li, Y. Lindgren, C. M. Lyssenko, V. Marvelle, A. F. Meisinger, C. Midthjell, K. Mohlke, K. L. Morken, M. A. Morris, A. D. Narisu, N. Nilsson, P. Owen, K. R. Palmer, C. N. A. Payne, F. Perry, J. R. B. Pettersen, E. Platou, C. Prokopenko, I. Qi, L. Qin, L. Rayner, N. W. Rees, M. Roix, J. J. Sandbaek, A. Shields, B. Sjogren, M. Steinthorsdottir, V. Stringham, H. M. Swift, A. J. Thorleifsson, G. Thorsteinsdottir, U. Timpson, N. J. Tuomi, T. Tuomilehto, J. Walker, M. Watanabe, R. M. Weedon, M. N. Willer, C. J. Illig, T. Hveem, K. Hu, F. B. Laakso, M. Stefansson, K. Pedersen, O. Wareham, N. J. Barroso, I. Hattersley, A. T. Collins, F. S. Groop, L. McCarthy, M. I. Boehnke, M. Altshuler, D.2008Meta-analysis of genome-wide association data and large-scale replication identifies additional susceptibility loci for type 2 diabetes638-645Nature Genetics405ArticleMay#Genome-wide association (GWA) studies have identified multiple loci at which common variants modestly but reproducibly influence risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D)(1-11). Established associations to common and rare variants explain only a small proportion of the heritability of T2D. As previously published analyses had limited power to identify variants with modest effects, we carried out meta-analysis of three T2D GWA scans comprising 10,128 individuals of European descent and similar to 2.2 million SNPs (directly genotyped and imputed), followed by replication testing in an independent sample with an effective sample size of up to 53,975. We detected at least six previously unknown loci with robust evidence for association, including the JAZF1 (P=5.0 x 10(-14)), CDC123-CAMK1D (P=1.2 x 10(-10)), TSPAN8-LGR5 (P=1.1 x 10(-9)), THADA (P=1.1 x 10(-9)), ADAMTS9 (P=1.2 x 10(-8)) and NOTCH2 (P=4.1 x 10(-8)) gene regions. Our results illustrate the value of large discovery and follow-up samples for gaining further insights into the inherited basis of T2D.://000255366700033Zeggini, Eleftheria Scott, Laura J. Saxena, Richa Voight, Benjamin F. Marchini, Jonathan L. Hu, Tianle de Bakker, Paul I. W. Abecasis, Goncalo R. Almgren, Peter Andersen, Gitte Ardlie, Kristin Bostroem, Kristina Bengtsson Bergman, Richard N. Bonnycastle, Lori L. Borch-Johnsen, Knut Burtt, Noel P. Chen, Hong Chines, Peter S. Daly, Mark J. Deodhar, Parimal Ding, Chia-Jen Doney, Alex S. F. Duren, William L. Elliott, Katherine S. Erdos, Michael R. Frayling, Timothy M. Freathy, Rachel M. Gianniny, Lauren Grallert, Harald Grarup, Niels Groves, Christopher J. Guiducci, Candace Hansen, Torben Herder, Christian Hitman, Graham A. Hughes, Thomas E. Isomaa, Bo Jackson, Anne U. Jorgensen, Torben Kong, Augustine Kubalanza, Kari Kuruvilla, Finny G. Kuusisto, Johanna Langenberg, Claudia Lango, Hana Lauritzen, Torsten Li, Yun Lindgren, Cecilia M. Lyssenko, Valeriya Marvelle, Amanda F. Meisinger, Christa Midthjell, Kristian Mohlke, Karen L. Morken, Mario A. Morris, Andrew D. Narisu, Narisu Nilsson, Peter Owen, Katharine R. Palmer, Colin N. A. Payne, Felicity Perry, John R. B. Pettersen, Elin Platou, Carl Prokopenko, Inga Qi, Lu Qin, Li Rayner, Nigel W. Rees, Matthew Roix, Jeffrey J. Sandbaek, Anelli Shields, Beverley Sjogren, Marketa Steinthorsdottir, Valgerdur Stringham, Heather M. Swift, Amy J. Thorleifsson, Gudmar Thorsteinsdottir, Unnur Timpson, Nicholas J. Tuomi, Tiinamaija Tuomilehto, Jaakko Walker, Mark Watanabe, Richard M. Weedon, Michael N. Willer, Cristen J. Illig, Thomas Hveem, Kristian Hu, Frank B. Laakso, Markku Stefansson, Kari Pedersen, Oluf Wareham, Nicholas J. Barroso, Ines Hattersley, Andrew T. Collins, Francis S. Groop, Leif McCarthy, Mark I. Boehnke, Michael Altshuler, David 1061-4036ISI:00025536670003325.556 t|?rThomas, G. Jacobs, K. B. Yeager, M. Kraft, P. Wacholder, S. Orr, N. Yu, K. Chatterjee, N. Welch, R. Hutchinson, A. Crenshaw, A. Cancel-Tassin, G. Staats, B. J. Wang, Z. Gonzalez-Bosquet, J. Fang, J. Deng, X. Berndt, S. I. Calle, E. E. Feigelson, H. S. Thun, M. J. Rodriguez, C. Albanes, D. Virtamo, J. Weinstein, S. Schumacher, F. R. Giovannucci, E. Willett, W. C. Cussenot, O. Valeri, A. Andriole, G. L. Crawford, E. D. Tucker, M. Gerhard, D. S. Fraumeni, J. F. Hoover, R. Hayes, R. B. Hunter, D. J. Chanock, S. J.2008NMultiple loci identified in a genome-wide association study of prostate cancer310-315Nature Genetics403ArticleMarPWe followed our initial genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 527,869 SNPs on 1,172 individuals with prostate cancer and 1,157 controls of European origin-nested in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian (PLCO) Cancer Screening Trial prospective study-by testing 26,958 SNPs in four independent studies (total of 3,941 cases and 3,964 controls). In the combined joint analysis, we confirmed three previously reported loci (two independent SNPs at 8q24 and one in HNF1B (formerly known as TCF2 on 17q); P < 10(-10)). In addition, loci on chromosomes 7, 10 (two loci) and 11 were highly significant (between P < 7.31 x 10(-13) and P < 2.14 x 10(-6)). Loci on chromosome 10 include MSMB, which encodes beta-microseminoprotein, a primary constituent of semen and a proposed prostate cancer biomarker, and CTBP2, a gene with antiapoptotic activity; the locus on chromosome 7 is at JAZF1, a transcriptional repressor that is fused by chromosome translocation to SUZ12 in endometrial cancer. Of the nine loci that showed highly suggestive associations (P < 2.5 x 10(-5)), four best fit a recessive model and included candidate susceptibility genes: CPNE3, IL16 and CDH13. Our findings point to multiple loci with moderate effects associated with susceptibility to prostate cancer that, taken together, in the future may predict high risk in select individuals.://000253548400021Thomas, Gilles Jacobs, Kevin B. Yeager, Meredith Kraft, Peter Wacholder, Sholom Orr, Nick Yu, Kai Chatterjee, Nilanjan Welch, Robert Hutchinson, Amy Crenshaw, Andrew Cancel-Tassin, Geraldine Staats, Brian J. Wang, Zhaoming Gonzalez-Bosquet, Jesus Fang, Jun Deng, Xiang Berndt, Sonja I. Calle, Eugenia E. Feigelson, Heather Spencer Thun, Michael J. Rodriguez, Carmen Albanes, Demetrius Virtamo, Jarmo Weinstein, Stephanie Schumacher, Fredrick R. Giovannucci, Edward Willett, Walter C. Cussenot, Olivier Valeri, Antoine Andriole, Gerald L. Crawford, E. David Tucker, Margaret Gerhard, Daniela S. Fraumeni, Joseph F., Jr. Hoover, Robert Hayes, Richard B. Hunter, David J. Chanock, Stephen J. 1061-4036ISI:00025354840002125.556  |?qLettre, G. Jackson, A. U. Gieger, C. Schumacher, F. R. Berndt, S. I. Sanna, S. Eyheramendy, S. Voight, B. F. Butler, J. L. Guiducci, C. Illig, T. Hackett, R. Heid, I. M. Jacobs, K. B. Lyssenko, V. Uda, M. Boehnke, M. Chanock, S. J. Groop, L. C. Hu, F. B. Isomaa, B. Kraft, P. Peltonen, L. Salomaa, V. Schlessinger, D. Hunter, D. J. Hayes, R. B. Abecasis, G. R. Wichmann, H. E. Mohlke, K. L. Hirschhorn, J. N.2008dIdentification of ten loci associated with height highlights new biological pathways in human growth584-591Nature Genetics405ArticleMay\Height is a classic polygenic trait, reflecting the combined influence of multiple as-yet- undiscovered genetic factors. We carried out a meta-analysis of genome-wide association study data of height from 15,821 individuals at 2.2 million SNPs, and followed up the strongest findings in 410,000 subjects. Ten newly identified and two previously reported loci were strongly associated with variation in height (P values from 4 x 10(-7) to 8 x 10(-22)). Together, these 12 loci account for similar to 2% of the population variation in height. Individuals with <= 8 height-increasing alleles and >= 16 height-increasing alleles differ in height by similar to 3.5 cm. The newly identified loci, along with several additional loci with strongly suggestive associations, encompass both strong biological candidates and unexpected genes, and highlight several pathways (let-7 targets, chromatin remodeling proteins and Hedgehog signaling) as important regulators of human stature. These results expand the picture of the biological regulation of human height and of the genetic architecture of this classical complex trait.://000255366700026Lettre, Guillaume Jackson, Anne U. Gieger, Christian Schumacher, Fredrick R. Berndt, Sonja I. Sanna, Serena Eyheramendy, Susana Voight, Benjamin F. Butler, Johannah L. Guiducci, Candace Illig, Thomas Hackett, Rachel Heid, Iris M. Jacobs, Kevin B. Lyssenko, Valeriya Uda, Manuela Boehnke, Michael Chanock, Stephen J. Groop, Leif C. Hu, Frank B. Isomaa, Bo Kraft, Peter Peltonen, Leena Salomaa, Veikko Schlessinger, David Hunter, David J. Hayes, Richard B. Abecasis, Goncalo R. Wichmann, H-Erich Mohlke, Karen L. Hirschhorn, Joel N. 1061-4036ISI:00025536670002625.55^hF|?ozZweers, J. C. Barak, I. Becher, D. Driessen, A. J. M. Hecker, M. Kontinen, V. P. Saller, M. J. Vavrova, L. van Dijl, J. M.2008jTowards the development of Bacillus subtilis as a cell factory for membrane proteins and protein complexesMicrobial Cell Factories7ReviewAprpBackground: The Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis is an important producer of high quality industrial enzymes and a few eukaryotic proteins. Most of these proteins are secreted into the growth medium, but successful examples of cytoplasmic protein production are also known. Therefore, one may anticipate that the high protein production potential of B. subtilis can be exploited for protein complexes and membrane proteins to facilitate their functional and structural analysis. The high quality of proteins produced with B. subtilis results from the action of cellular quality control systems that efficiently remove misfolded or incompletely synthesized proteins. Paradoxically, cellular quality control systems also represent bottlenecks for the production of various heterologous proteins at significant concentrations. Conclusion: While inactivation of quality control systems has the potential to improve protein production yields, this could be achieved at the expense of product quality. Mechanisms underlying degradation of secretory proteins are nowadays well understood and often controllable. It will therefore be a major challenge for future research to identify and modulate quality control systems of B. subtilis that limit the production of high quality protein complexes and membrane proteins, and to enhance those systems that facilitate assembly of these proteins.://000255281600001Zweers, Jessica C. Barak, Imrich Becher, Doerte Driessen, Arnold J. M. Hecker, Michael Kontinen, Vesa P. Saller, Manfred J. Vavrova, L'udmila van Dijl, Jan Maarten 1475-2859ISI:0002552816000013.36010 10.1 |?p3Heinrich, J. Lunden, T. Kontinen, V. P. Wiegert, T.2008]The Bacillus subtilis ABC transporter EcsAB influences intramembrane proteolysis through RasP 1989-1997Microbiology-Sgm154ArticleJulxThe Bacillus subtilis sigma(W) regulon is induced by different stresses that most probably affect integrity of the cell envelope. The activity of the extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factor sigma(W) is modulated by the transmembrane anti-sigma factor RsiW, which undergoes stress-induced degradation in a process known as regulated intramembrane proteolysis, finally resulting in the release of sigma(W) and the transcription of sigma(W)-controlled genes. Mutations in the ecsA gene, which encodes an ATIP binding cassette (ABC) of an ABC transporter of unknown function, block site-2 proteolysis of RsiW by the intramembrane cleaving protease RasP (YluC). In addition, degradation of the cell division protein FtsL, which represents a second RasP substrate, is blocked in an ecsA-negative strain. The defect in sigma(W) induction of an ecsA-knockout strain could be partly suppressed by overproducing RasP. A B. subtilis rasP-knockout strain displayed the same pleiotropic phenotype as an ecsA knockout, namely defects in processing alpha-amylase, in competence development, and in formation of multicellular structures known as biofilms.://000257893800015GHeinrich, Janine Lunden, Tuula Kontinen, Vesa P. Wiegert, Thomas Part 7 1350-0872ISI:0002578938000153.11010.1099/mic.0.2008/018648-0I|?nDBorodulin, K. M. Evenson, K. R. Wen, F. Herring, A. H. Benson, A. M.2008+Physical Activity Patterns during Pregnancy 1901-1908+Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise4011ArticleNovBORODULIN, K. M., K. R. EVENSON, F. WEN, A. H. HERRING, and A. M. BENSON. Physical Activity Patterns during Pregnancy. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 40, No. 11, pp. 1901-1908, 2008. Purpose: The aim of the study was to describe the mode, frequency, duration, and intensity of physical activity among pregnant women, to explore whether these women reached the recommended levels of activity, and to explore how these patterns changed during pregnancy. Methods: This study, as part of the third phase of the Pregnancy, Infection, and Nutrition Study, investigated physical activity among 1482 pregnant women. A recall of the different modes, frequency, duration, and intensity of physical activity during the past week was assessed in two telephone interviews at 17-22 and 27-30 wk of gestation. Results: Most women reported some type of physical activity during both periods. Child and adult care giving, indoor household, and recreational activities constituted the largest proportion of total reported activity. The overall physical activity level decreased during pregnancy, particularly in care giving, Outdoor household, and recreational activity. Women who were active during the second and the third trimesters reported higher levels of activity in all modes of activity than those who became active or inactive during pregnancy. The majority did not reach the recommended level of physical activity. Conclusion: These data suggest that self-reported physical activity decreased from the second to the third trimesters, and only a small proportion reached the recommended level of activity during pregnancy. Further research is needed to explore if physical activity rebounds during the postpartum period.://000260435800005PBorodulin, Katja M. Evenson, Kelly R. Wen, Fang Herring, Amy H. Benson, Aimee M. 0195-9131ISI:0002604358000052.86410.1249/MSS.0b013e31817f1957|?m8Peltola, H. Jokinen, S. Paunio, M. Hovi, T. Davidkin, I.2008VMeasles, mumps, and rubella in Finland: 25 years of a nationwide elimination programme796-803Lancet Infectious Diseases812ReviewDecA nationwide programme to eliminate indigenous measles, mumps, and rubella, mainly by vaccinating children twice, was launched in Finland in 1982. Strong scientific methods to examine the immunological, clinical, and epidemiological variables have accompanied the programme. Measles was eliminated in 1996, and mumps and rubella in 1997. Now, 25 years from the start of this programme, Finland is facing new challenges. Since elimination, eight, 32, and six cases of measles, mumps, and rubella, respectively, have been reported. Of those, seven cases were failures of mumps vaccinations and one case was a rubella vaccination failure. Although outbreaks have been averted, the risks are increasing because the unvaccinated population is growing, epidemics occur in nearby countries, breakthrough cases arise, and declining antibodies suggest waning immunity. The chances for natural boosters are now at a minimum, and individuals are increasingly protected solely by vaccination. To maintain the absence of these diseases, the adopted policy should continue, but the country should also be prepared for prompt supplementary vaccinations in the case of epidemic outbreaks.://000261097000017GPeltola, Heikki Jokinen, Sari Paunio, Mikko Hovi, Tapani Davidkin, Irja 1473-3099ISI:000261S|?l{Pitkanen, T. Miettinen, I. T. Nakari, U. M. Takkinen, J. Nieminen, K. Siitonen, A. Kuusi, M. Holopainen, A. Hanninen, M. L.2008zFaecal contamination of a municipal drinking water distribution system in association with Campylobacter jejuni infections365-376Journal of Water and Health63ArticleSepDAfter heavy rains Campylobacter jejuni together with high counts of Escherichia coli, other coliforms and intestinal enterococci were detected from drinking water of a municipal distribution system in eastern Finland in August 2004. Three patients with a positive C. jejuni finding, who had drunk the contaminated water, were identified and interviewed. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotypes from the patient samples were identical to some of the genotypes isolated from the water of the suspected contamination source. in addition, repetitive DNA element analysis (rep-PCR) revealed identical patterns of E. coli and other coliform isolates along the distribution line. Further on-site technical investigations revealed that one of the two rainwater gutters on the roof of the water storage tower had been in an incorrect position and rainwater had flushed a large amount of faecal material from wild birds into the drinking water. The findings required close co-operation between civil authorities, and application of cultivation and genotyping techniques strongly suggested that the municipal drinking water was the source of the infections. The faecal contamination associated with failures in cleaning and technical management stress the importance of instructions for waterworks personnel to perform maintenance work properly.://000259615300008Pitkanen, Tarja Miettinen, Ilkka T. Nakari, Ulla-Maija Takkinen, Johanna Nieminen, Kalle Siitonen, Anja Kuusi, Markku Holopainen, Arja Hanninen, Marja-Liisa 1477-8920ISI:0002596153000081.16410.m[|?kJPellikka, M. Narhi, L. Perola, M. Penttila, A. Karhunen, P. Mikkelsson, J.2008_Platelet GPIb alpha, GPIV and vWF polymorphisms and fatal pre-hospital MI among middle-aged men91-96&Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis262ArticleOctThe binding of platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib-IX-V receptor complex to subendothelial collagen via von Willebrand factor is the initial step of the formation of platelet thrombi following atherosclerotic plaque rupture. Platelet GPIV binds to collagen and/or thrombospondin and further activates platelets. Genetic variation in these proteins could associate with platelet aggregability and the risk of myocardial infarction (MI). We studied the associations of polymorphisms of GPIb alpha, GPIV and von Willebrand factor with the extent of coronary atherosclerosis, coronary narrowing, and fatal MI in an autopsy series of 300 middle-aged, Caucasian Finnish men who had suffered sudden out-of-hospital death. 31% of men with MI under the age of 50 carried the GPIb alpha HPA-2 ThrThr/Kozak TT haplotype as opposed to 62% of control men (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.08-0.93, P = 0.03). In addition, 7% of men with MI under the age of 50 carried the GPIV AA genotype versus 29% of control men (OR 0.16, 95% CI 0.03-0.98, P < 0.05). These associations were not due to any effects of these gene variants on the coronary atherosclerotic changes. The G/A polymorphism of the von Willebrand factor gene failed to show any association with MI or coronary atherosclerosis in this series of men. The combined ThrThr/TT haplotype of GPIb alpha as well as the AA genotype of GPIV seem to decrease the risk of fatal MI among men during early middle-age.://000260618500003`Pellikka, Minna Narhi, Lassi Perola, Markus Penttila, Antti Karhunen, Pekka J. Mikkelsson, Jussi 0929-5305ISI:0002606185000031.43210.1007yg]L|?i`Von Der Pahlen, B. Santtila, P. Witting, K. Varjonen, M. Jern, P. Johansson, A. Sandnabba, N. K.2008sFactor structure of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) for men and women in different age groups616-621'Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs694ArticleJultObjective: Our main aim was to investigate the factor structure of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in a Finnish population sample. Method: The AUDIT was completed by 3,125 men (mean age = 26.2 years) and 6,006 women (mean age = 26.1 years). Results: At a cutoff score of 8 or more, 49.8% of the men and 23.9% of the women would be identified as potentially engaged in excessive alcohol use. Exploratory factor analyses suggested a two-factor solution for both men and women. However, the factor structure was not invariant between men and women or in the different age groups among men. Conclusions: This is one of the largest known general population studies on alcohol use in recent years in Finland. The findings support a two-factor solution, and it is suggested that the AUDIT cutoff scores should be tailored according to age, gender, and drinking culture.://000257811800018}Von Der Pahlen, Bettina Santtila, Pekka Witting, Katarina Varjonen, Markus Jern, Patrick Johansson, Ada Sandnabba, N. Kenneth 1937-1888ISI:00025 |?jJuonala, M. Viikari, J. S. A. Kahonen, M. Solakivi, T. Helenius, H. Jula, A. Marniemi, J. Taittonen, L. Laitinen, T. Nikkari, T. Raitakari, O. T.2008Childhood levels of serum Apolipoproteins B and A-I predict carotid intima-media thickness and brachial endothelial function in adulthood293-299-Journal of the American College of Cardiology524ArticleJul:Objectives The aim of this study was to determine whether apolipoproteins (apo) B and A-I measured in childhood and adolescence predict atherosclerosis in adulthood. Background Exposure to dyslipidemia in childhood predicts the development of atherosclerosis. Apolipoproteins B and A-I might be good markers of atherogenic dyslipidemia, but there is a paucity of information concerning their importance in childhood. Methods Apolipoproteins B and A-I, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, obesity, insulin, C-reactive protein, and smoking were assessed in 1980 and 2001 among 879 subjects in the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study ( ages 3 to 18 years at baseline). Carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT) and brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) were measured in 2001 at the age of 24 to 39 years. Results In subjects ages 12 to 18 years at baseline, apoB and apoB/apoA-I ratio were directly ( p < 0.001) related and apoA-I was inversely ( p = 0.01) related with adulthood IMT. In subjects ages 3 to 18 years at baseline, apoB ( p = 0.02) and the apoB/apoA- I ratio ( p < 0.001) were inversely related and apoA- I ( p = 0.003) was directly related to adulthood FMD. These relations were not altered when the effects of nonlipid risk factors and adulthood apolipoproteins were taken into account. The apoB/apoA- I ratio measured in adolescence was superior to LDL/HDL ratio (c-values, 0.623 vs. 0.569, p = 0.03) in predicting increased IMT in adulthood ( IMT >= 90th percentile and/ or carotid plaque). Conclusions Apolipoproteins B and A-I measured in children and adolescents reflect a lipoprotein profile predisposing to the development of subclinical atherosclerosis in adulthood. These markers might have value in pediatric lipid risk assessment.://000257654200009Juonala, Markus Viikari, Jorma S. A. Kahonen, Mika Solakivi, Tiina Helenius, Hans Jula, Antti Marniemi, Jukka Taittonen, Leena Laitinen, Tomi Nikkari, Tapio Raitakari, Olli T. 0735-1097ISI:00025765420000911.05410.1016/j.jacc.2008.03.054 s1|?g5Rosenmeier, J. B. Yegutkin, G. G. Gonzalez-Alonso, J.2008Activation of ATP/UTP-selective receptors increases blood flow and blunts sympathetic vasoconstriction in human skeletal muscle 4993-5002Journal of Physiology-London58620ArticleOctSympathetic vasoconstriction is blunted in the vascular beds of contracting skeletal muscle in humans, presumably due to the action of vasoactive metabolites (functional sympatholysis). Recently, we demonstrated that infusion of ATP into the arterial circulation of the resting human leg increases blood flow and concomitantly blunts alpha-adrenergic vasoconstriction in a similar manner to that during moderate exercise. Here we tested the hypothesis that ATP, rather than its dephosphorylated metabolites, induces vasodilatation and sympatholysis in resting skeletal muscle via activation of ATP/UTP-selective receptors. To this aim, we first measured leg blood flow (LBF), mean arterial pressure (MAP), cardiac output ((Q)) over dot , leg arterial-venous (a-v) O-2 difference, plasma ATP and soluble nucleotidase activities during intrafemoral artery infusion of adenosine, AMP, ADP, ATP or UTP in nine healthy males. Comparison of the doses of nucleotides and adenosine required for a similar increase in LBF from similar to 0.5 l min(-1) at baseline to similar to 3.5 l min(-1) (without altering MAP but increasing (Q) over dot significantly) revealed the following rank order of vasoactive potency: ATP (100) = UTP (100) >> adenosine (5.8) > ADP (2.7) > AMP (1.7). The infusions did not cause any shifts in plasma ATP level or soluble serum nucleotidase activities. Combined infusion of the vasodilatory compounds and the sympathetic vasoconstrictor drug tyramine increased plasma noradrenaline in all hyperaemic conditions, but only caused leg and systemic vasoconstriction and augmented O-2 extraction during adenosine, AMP and ADP infusion (LBF from 3.2 +/- 0.3 to 1.8 +/- 0.2 l min(-1); 3.7 +/- 0.4 to 1.7 +/- 0.2 l min(-1) and 3.3 +/- 0.4 to 2.4 +/- 0.3 l min(-1), respectively, P < 0.05). These findings in humans suggest that the vasodilatory and sympatholytic effects of exogenous ATP in the skeletal muscle vasculature are largely mediated via ATP itself rather than its dephosphorylated metabolites, most likely via binding to endothelial ATP/UTP-selective P2Y(2) receptors. These data are consistent with a role of ATP in skeletal muscle hyperaemia in conditions of increased sympathetic nerve drive such as exercise or hypoxia.://000260053800019>Rosenmeier, Jaya B. Yegutkin, Gennady G. Gonzalez-Alonso, Jose 0022-3751ISI:0002600538000194.58010.1113/jph|?hlHelakorpi, S. A. Martelin, T. P. Torppa, J. O. Patja, K. M. Kiiskinen, U. A. Vartiainen, E. A. Uutela, A. K.2008Did the Tobacco Control Act Amendment in 1995 affect daily smoking in Finland? Effects of a restrictive workplace smoking policy407-414Journal of Public Health304ArticleDecThis study examined changes in adult daily smoking in 1981-2005 in Finland, in order to evaluate the impact of the 1995 Tobacco Control Act Amendment (TCAA) and accompanying measures on the proportion of daily smokers. The main focus of the TCAA was to prohibit smoking at workplaces (designated rooms excluded) in order to protect workers from environmental tobacco smoke. The study was based on data from annual postal surveys among 15- to 64-year-olds in 1981-2005 (average response rate 73%). The data set for this study comprised men and women aged 25-64 years (n = 73 471). Logistic models were used to test the effect of the 1995 TCAA across employment status while controlling for the effect of changes in the real price of tobacco and in gross domestic product per capita, and adjusting for age, education, secular trend and prevalence of ever-smokers in each birth cohort. Controlling for confounding factors, the odds ratio (OR) for daily smoking after 1995 among employed men was 0.83 (95% CI 0.73-0.94) compared with the OR (1.0) for the period ending 1994. The corresponding figure for employed women was 0.78 (95% CI 0.68-0.91). The results can be interpreted as a positive effect of the 1995 TCAA on employees' daily smoking. Moreover, a similar decrease in daily smoking was not seen among those not targeted by the TCAA (including farmers, students, housewives, pensioners and the unemployed). Smoking behaviour was and can be influenced by national tobacco policy measures.://000261170300014Helakorpi, Satu A. Martelin, Tuija P. Torppa, Jorma O. Patja, Kristiina M. Kiiskinen, Urpo A. Vartiainen, Erkki A. Uutela, Antti K. 1741-3842ISI:0002611703000141.23810.1093/pubmed/fdm051|?f^Heikkinen, A. M. Pajukanta, R. Pitkaniemi, J. Broms, U. Sorsa, T. Koskenvuo, M. Meurman, J. H.2008LThe Effect of Smoking on Periodontal Health of 15-to 16-Year-Old Adolescents 2042-2047Journal of Periodontology7911ArticleNovBackground: Smoking is a severe risk factor for periodontal health in adults, but data on the effect of smoking on periodontal health in teenage populations are sparse. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of duration and quantity of smoking on periodontal health in teenagers and possible differences between genders. Methods: The oral health of 501 adolescents (15- to 16-year-old boys [n = 258] and girls [n = 2431) was examined. A structured questionnaire about self-reported smoking and health habits was filled out, and bitewing x-rays were taken. Clinical examinations included measuring periodontal indexes, such as visible plaque index, bleeding on probing, root calculus (RC), probing depth, and attachment loss. Results were analyzed by generalized linear logistic regression. Results: Twenty-five percent of boys and 27% of girls were smokers. The boys and girls who smoked had higher RC values than non-smokers (P<0.001). The adjusted scores for smoking boys and girls were 17.3 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.6 to 31.7) and 13.6 (95% CI: 5.5 to 29.7), respectively. The adjusted scores for non-smokers were 10.4 (95% CI: 5.7 to 18.3) and 7.7 (95% CI: 3.3 to 17.3), respectively. Smoking boys and girls also had more periodontal pockets >= 4 mm than non-smokers: the score for boys was 4.6 (95% CI: 2.2 to 9.1), and the score for girls was 5.4 (95% Cl: 1.1 to 23.2; P<0.001). Conclusion: Smoking significantly impaired periodontal health in teenagers. J Periodontol 2008; 79:2042-2047.://000260933900007uHeikkinen, Anna Maria Pajukanta, Riitta Pitkaniemi, Janne Broms, Ulla Sorsa, Timo Koskenvuo, Markku Meurman, Jukka H. 0022-3492ISI:0002609339000072.08610.1902/jop.2008.080205 1$|?c Roivainen, M.2009*Enterovirus Infection in Pancreatic Islets199-199Journal of Medical Virology811Meeting AbstractJan://000261266500031Roivainen, Merja 0146-6615ISI:0002612665000312.83110|?deLohi, S. Maki, M. Laurila, K. Montonen, J. Bravi, E. Gasparin, M. Knekt, P. Reunanen, A. Kaukinen, K.2007HMalignancy in unrecognized celiac disease: Population based cohort study22-223Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition44Meeting AbstractMay://000257526800023nLohi, S. Maki, M. Laurila, K. Montonen, J. Bravi, E. Gasparin, M. Knekt, P. Reunanen, A. Kaukinen, K. Suppl. 1 0277-2116ISI:0002579'|?eRihkanen, H. Beng, E. R. Nieminen, T. Komsi, K. L. Raty, R. Saxen, H. Ziegler, T. Roivainen, M. Soderlund-Venermo, M. Beng, L. A. Hovi, T. Pitkaranta, A.20088Respiratory viruses in laryngeal croup of young children661-665Journal of Pediatrics1525ArticleMayObjectives To determine the viral cause of laryngeal croup by use of highly sensitive methods, and including recently recognized viruses in the analysis. Study design One hundred forty-four consecutive children with hoarse voice and inspiratory stridor attending the emergency department were enrolled. Age- and season-matched children presenting with a wheezing illness served as control subjects (n = 76). Nasopharyngeal swabs were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction for rhinovirus laid enterovirus, coronavirus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), parainfluenza virus (PIV) influenza A and B virus, human bocavirus, human metapneumovirus, adenovirus, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Results Virus infection was documented in 80% of patients with croup and 71% of control subjects. Children with croup had significantly more positive test results for PIV 1 and 2 (31% vs; 4% and 6% vs 0%, respectively) and significantly fewer positive test results for RSV (15% vs 28%) than wheezing children. Rhinoviruses and enteroviruses were present equally in both groups (21% vs; 25%). There wits no significant difference in the frequency of influenza A virus or human bocavirus. Few subjects with adenovirus or M. pneumoniae were detected. Conclusion Acute laryngeal croup is most often associated with PIV, RSV, rhinovirus, and enterovirus. Rhinovirus and enterovirus appeared equally often in croup and in wheezing illness. During late fall, they were found in 39% and 40%, respectively, of the tested samples.://000255375700015Rihkanen, Heikki Beng, Esa Ronkko Nieminen, Tea Komsi, Kaija-Leena Raty, Riitta Saxen, Harri Ziegler, Thedi Roivainen, Merja Soderlund-Venermo, Maria Beng, Lahtinen Anne Hovi, Tapani Pitkaranta, Anne 0022-3476ISI:0002553757000154.01710.1016/j 2@|?bqSamyn, H. Moerland, M. van Gent, T. van Haperen, R. Metso, J. Grosveld, F. Jauhiainen, M. van Tol, A. de Crom, R.2008Plasma phospholipid transfer activity is essential for increased atherogenesis in PLTP transgenic mice: a mutation-inactivation study 2504-2512Journal of Lipid Research4912ArticleDecPlasma phospholipid transfer protein ( PLTP) interacts with HDL particles and facilitates the transfer of phospholipids from triglyceride ( TG)-rich lipoproteins to HDL. Overexpressing human PLTP in mice increases the susceptibility to atherosclerosis. In human plasma, high-active and low-active forms of PLTP exist. To elucidate the contribution of phospholipid transfer activity to changes in lipoprotein metabolism and atherogenesis, we developed mice expressing mutant PLTP, still able to associate with HDL but lacking phospholipid transfer activity. In mice heterozygous for the LDL receptor, effects of the mutant and normal human PLTP transgene ( mutPLTP tg and PLTP tg, respectively) were compared. In PLTP tg mice, plasma PLTP activity was increased 2.9-fold, resulting in markedly reduced HDL lipid levels. In contrast, in mutPLTP tg mice, lipid levels were not different from controls. Furthermore, hepatic VLDL-TG secretion was stimulated in PLTP tg mice, but not in mutPLTP tg mice. When mice were fed a cholesterol-enriched diet, atherosclerotic lesion size in PLTP tg mice was increased more than 2-fold compared with control mice, whereas in mutPLTP tg mice, there was no change. Our findings demonstrate that PLTP transfer activity is essential for the development of atherosclerosis in PLTP transgenic mice, identifying PLTP activity as a possible target to prevent atherogenesis, independent of plasma PLTP concentration.-Samyn, H., M. Moerland, T. van Gent, R. van Haperen, J. Metso, F. Grosveld, M. Jauhiainen, A. van Tol, and R. de Crom. Plasma phospholipid transfer activity is essential for increased atherogenesis in PLTP transgenic mice: a mutation-inactivation study. J. Lipid Res. 2008. 49: 2504-2512.://000260893800002Samyn, Hannelore Moerland, Matthijs van Gent, Teus van Haperen, Rien Metso, Jari Grosveld, Frank Jauhiainen, Matti van Tol, Arie de Crom, Rini 0022-2275ISI:0002608938000024.33610.1194/jlr S C]|?aYe, D. Kraaijeveld, A. O. Grauss, R. W. Willems, S. M. van Vark-van der Zee, L. C. de Jager, S. C. A. Jauhiainen, M. Kuivenhoven, J. A. Dallinga-Thie, G. M. Atsma, D. E. Hogendoorn, P. C. W. Biessen, E. A. L. Van Berkel, T. J. C. Jukema, J. W. van Eck, M.2008[Reduced leucocyte cholesteryl ester transfer protein expression in acute coronary syndromes571-585Journal of Internal Medicine2646ArticleDec,Cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) plays an important role in HDL cholesterol metabolism. Leucocytes, including monocyte-derived macrophages in the arterial wall synthesize and secrete CETP, but its role in atherosclerosis is unclear. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) on leucocyte CETP expression. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were freshly isolated from hospitalized ACS patients displaying Braunwald class IIIB unstable angina pectoris (UAP) on admission (t = 0) and at 180 days post inclusion (t = 180) for analysis of CETP expression. In addition, to prove the potential correlation between leucocyte CETP and ACS the effect of acute myocardial infarction on leucocyte CETP expression was studied in CETP transgenic mice. Upon admission, UAP patients displayed similar to 3-6 fold (P < 0.01) lower CETP mRNA and nearly absent CETP protein expression in PBMCs, as compared to healthy age-/sex-matched controls. Interestingly, CETP mRNA and protein levels were significantly elevated in PBMCs isolated from UAP patients (both stabilized and refractory) at t = 180 as compared to t = 0 (P < 0.01), which was correlated with a reduced inflammatory status after medical treatment. In agreement with the data obtained in UAP patients, markedly down-regulated leucocyte CETP mRNA expression was observed after coronary artery ligation in CETP transgenic mice, which also correlated with increased serum amyloid A levels. We are the first to report that episodes of UAP in humans and myocardial infarction in CETP transgenic mice are associated with reduced leucocyte CETP expression. We propose that the impairment in leucocyte CETP production is associated with an enhanced inflammatory status, which could be clinically relevant for the pathogenesis of ACS.://000260823800008Ye, D. Kraaijeveld, A. O. Grauss, R. W. Willems, S. M. van Vark-van der Zee, L. C. de Jager, S. C. A. Jauhiainen, M. Kuivenhoven, J. A. Dallinga-Thie, G. M. Atsma, D. E. Hogendoorn, P. C. W. Biessen, E. A. L. Van Berkel, T. J. C. Jukema, J. W. van Eck, M. 0954-6820ISI:0002608238000084.901 10.1111/j.1365-2 X G1|?`|Ruotsalainen, E. Karden-Lilja, M. Kuusela, P. Vuopio-Varkila, J. Virolainen-Julkunen, A. Sarna, S. Valtonen, V. Jarvinen, A.2008Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia and endocarditis among injection drug users and nonaddicts: Host factors, microbiological and serological characteristics249-256Journal of Infection564ArticleApr Background: Endocarditis has been associated with lower mortality and fewer complications among injection drug users (IDUs) than nonaddicts in Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (SAB). The better prognosis of IDUs has not been clarified but it has generally been explained by younger age and other host factors. In this study, bacterial. strains, their virulence factors, and host immune responses were compared among IDUs and nonaddicts with SAB, including those with and without endocarditis. Methods: A total of 430 consecutive adult patients with methicillin-sensitive SAB were followed prospectively for 3 months. All 44 IDUs were included, and 44 nonaddicts as controls for them. According to the modified Duke criteria, 20 patients in both groups had endocarditis. For each addict without endocarditis, an age and sex matched nonaddict was selected as a control. S. aureus isolates were assigned a genotype by PFGE, Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), staphylokinase (SAK), protease, and haemolysin production. Acute and convalescent sera were tested for antibodies to alpha-haemolysin (ASTA) and teichoic acid (TAA). Results: There were no differences between IDUs and nonaddicts with SAB in the proportion of patients with a deep infection (98% vs 86%, P = 0.06) or a thromboembolic complication (30% vs 14%, P = 0.12). Endocarditis among IDUs was not associated with any specific strains, and only the FIN-4 strain was observed more often in IDUs than in nonaddicts (21% vs 5%, P = 0.03). The majority of isolates (98%) were PVL negative, and there were no differences in the numbers of SAK, protease and haemolysin production among strains between IDUs and nonaddicts. However, haemolytic properties were found more frequently in strains from IDUs without endocarditis than those with endocarditis (88% vs 47%, P = 0.007). IDUs displayed more often elevated TAA titers than nonaddicts, especially in endocarditis at acute phase (33% vs 5%, P = 0.04) and at convalescent phase (50% vs 10%, P = 0.01). The ASTA titer was more frequently initially positive among IDUs without endocarditis than with endocarditis (44% vs 6%, P = 0.01). Conclusions: Characterization of the bacterial strains and their virulence factors, and host immune responses did not reveal significant differences between IDUs and nonaddicts with similar clinical picture of SAB. Serological tests were not helpful in identifying patients with endocarditis. (C) 2008 The British Infection Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000255335400005Ruotsalainen, Eeva Karden-Lilja, Minna Kuusela, Pentti Vuopio-Varkila, Jaana Virolainen-Julkunen, Anni Sarna, Seppo Valtonen, Ville Jaervinen, Asko 0163-4453ISI:0002553354000052.84410.1016/jXG3|?_USaxlin, T. Suominen-Taipale, L. Kattainen, A. Marniemi, J. Knuuttila, M. Ylostalo, P.2008@Association between serum lipid levels and periodontal infection 1040-1047"Journal of Clinical Periodontology3512ArticleDecSaxlin T, Suominen-Taipale L, Kattainen A, Marniemi J, Knuuttila M, Ylostalo P. Association between serum lipid levels and periodontal infection. J Clin Periodontol 2008; 35: 1040-1047. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2008.01331.x. The aim of the study was to investigate the association between serum lipids and periodontal infection and the role of serum lipids in the association between body weight and periodontal infection. The Health 2000 Health Examination Survey, which included 8028 subjects aged 30 or older living in continental Finland. This study was based on a subpopulation of dentate, non-diabetic subjects who had never smoked and were aged under 50 years (n=1297). Periodontal infection was defined as the presence of teeth with deepened periodontal pockets. Serum levels of triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol were analysed enzymatically. We found no consistent association between serum lipid levels and periodontal infection among normoweight subjects. There was an association of high serum triglycerides and low HDL with periodontal infection among obese subjects. The association between body mass index and periodontal infection was not essentially affected by serum lipids. In this study population serum lipid levels were not associated with periodontal infection among normoweight subjects. Obese subjects with a high serum triglyceride level and/or a low HDL-cholesterol level could be at higher risk of periodontal infection. Our results suggest that the association between body weight and periodontal infection was mainly mediated through a mechanism other than serum lipids.://000261055100006hSaxlin, Tuomas Suominen-Taipale, Liisa Kattainen, Anna Marniemi, Jukka Knuuttila, Matti Yloestalo, Pekka 0303-6979ISI:0002610551000062.678 10.1111/j.1600-l|?]7Badeau, M. H. Badeau, R. Jauhiainen, M. Tikkanen, M. J.2008*Steroid Hormone-Fatty Acid Esters and Bone 1866-1867$Journal of Bone and Mineral Research2311LetterNov://000260195900019DBadeau, Maija H. Badeau, Robert Jauhiainen, Matti Tikkanen, Matti J. 0884-0431ISI:0002601959000196.00410.1359/jbmr.080701 |?^Chen, W. M. Erdos, M. R. Jackson, A. U. Saxena, R. Sanna, S. Silver, K. D. Timpson, N. J. Hansen, T. Orru, M. Piras, M. G. Bonnycastle, L. L. Willer, C. J. Lyssenko, V. Shen, H. Q. Kuusisto, J. Ebrahim, S. Sestu, N. Duren, W. L. Spada, M. C. Stringham, H. M. Scott, L. J. Olla, N. Swift, A. J. Najjar, S. Mitchell, B. D. Lawlor, D. A. Smith, G. D. Ben-Shlomo, Y. Andersen, G. Borch-Johnsen, K. Jorgensen, T. Saramies, J. Valle, T. T. Buchanan, T. A. Shuldiner, A. R. Lakatta, E. Bergman, R. N. Uda, M. Tuomilehto, J. Pedersen, O. Cao, A. Groop, L. Mohlke, K. L. Laakso, M. Schlessinger, D. Collins, F. S. Altshuler, D. Abecasis, G. R. Boehnke, M. Scuteri, A. Watanabe, R. M.2008XVariations in the G6PC2/ABCB11 genomic region are associated with fasting glucose levels 2620-2628!Journal of Clinical Investigation1187ArticleJulIdentifying the genetic variants that regulate fasting glucose concentrations may further our understanding of the pathogenesis of diabetes. We therefore investigated the association of fasting glucose levels with SNPs in 2 genomewide scans including a total of 5,088 nondiabetic individuals from Finland and Sardinia. We found a significant association between the SNP rs563694 and fasting glucose concentrations (P = 3.5 x 10(-7)). This association was further investigated in an additional 18,436 nondiabetic individuals of mixed European descent from 7 different studies. The combined P value for association in these follow-up samples was 6.9 x 10(-26), and combining results from all studies resulted in an overall P value for association of 6.4 x 10(-33). Across these studies, fasting glucose concentrations increased 0.01-0.16 mM with each copy of the major allele, accounting for approximately 1% of the total variation in fasting glucose. The rs563694 SNP is located between the genes glucose-6-phosphatase catalytic subunit 2 (G6PC2) and ATP-binding cassette, subfamily B (MDR/TAP), member 11 (ABCB11). Our results in combination with data reported in the literature suggest that G6PC2, a glucose-6-phosphatase almost exclusively expressed in pancreatic islet cells, may underlie variation in fasting glucose, though it is possible that ABCB11, which is expressed primarily in liver, may also contribute to such variation.://000257657400029kChen, Wei-Min Erdos, Michael R. Jackson, Anne U. Saxena, Richa Sanna, Serena Silver, Kristi D. Timpson, Nicholas J. Hansen, Torben Orru, Marco Piras, Maria Grazia Bonnycastle, Lori L. Willer, Cristen J. Lyssenko, Valeriya Shen, Haiqing Kuusisto, Johanna Ebrahim, Shah Sestu, Natascia Duren, William L. Spada, Maria Cristina Stringham, Heather M. Scott, Laura J. Olla, Nazario Swift, Amy J. Najjar, Samer Mitchell, Braxton D. Lawlor, Debbie A. Smith, George Davey Ben-Shlomo, Yoav Andersen, Gitte Borch-Johnsen, Knut Jorgensen, Torben Saramies, Jouko Valle, Timo T. Buchanan, Thomas A. Shuldiner, Alan R. Lakatta, Edward Bergman, Richard N. Uda, Manuela Tuomilehto, Jaakko Pedersen, Oluf Cao, Antonio Groop, Leif Mohlke, Karen L. Laakso, Markku Schlessinger, David Collins, Francis S. Altshuler, David Abecasis, Goncalo R. Boehnke, Michael Scuteri, Angelo Watanabe, Richard M. 0021-9738ISI:00025765740002916.91510.1172/jci345664|?\kMarttila, J. Huttunen, S. Vaarala, O. Suzuki, K. Elliott, J. F. Narvanen, A. Knip, M. Simell, O. Ilonen, J.2008T-cell reactivity to insulin peptide A1-12 in children with recently diagnosed type 1 diabetes or multiple beta-cell autoantibodies142-148Journal of Autoimmunity312ArticleSepbInsulin-specific immune responses appear early in preclinical type I diabetes (T1D), and bovine insulin in cow's milk-based infant formulas has been suggested to be of importance in induction of the primary response to insulin in humans. To characterize insulin-specific T-cell reactivity we studied T-cell responses to 10 insulin peptides derived from bovine (BI) and human insulin (H1) in 42 children with recently diagnosed T1D, 47 children with multiple autoantibodies and 111 autoantibody-negative control children with risk-associated HLA alleles. Proliferation responses detected in antigen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells did not differ between the three groups when the comparison was performed without considering HLA genotypes. However, significant differences were observed, when children with the high-risk genotype HLA (DRB1*03)-DQA1*05-DQB1*02/DRB1*0401-DQA1*03-DQB1*0302 were analyzed separately. The responses to the peptides including amino acids A1-12 derived from Bland HI were significantly higher in children with T1D (P = 0.008, P = 0.004, for B1 and H1, respectively) and in children with diabetes-associated autoantibodies (P = 0.002 and P = 0.001, respectively) than in control children. Positive responses (stimulation indices SI >= 3) were seen more frequently in T1D children than in controls (4/7 vs 2/19; P = 0.03 and 4/7 vs 1/19: P = 0.01 for B1 and H1, respectively). T-cell response to the insulin peptide A1-12 is enhanced in clinical and preclinical T1D associated with the high-risk HLA-genotype emphasizing the importance of this epitope. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000259880700008Marttila, Jane Huttunen, Suvi Vaarala, Outi Suzuki, Kunimasa Elliott, John F. Narvanen, Ale Knip, Mikael Simell, Olli Ilonen, Jorma 0896-8411ISI:0002598807000083.39110.1016/(|?[Pfefferle, P. I. Sel, S. Ege, M. J. Buchele, G. Blumer, N. Krauss-Etschmann, S. Herzum, I. Albers, C. E. Lauener, R. P. Roponen, M. Hirvonen, M. R. Vuitton, D. A. Riedler, J. Brunekreef, B. Dalphin, J. C. Braun-Fahrlander, C. Pekkanen, J. von Mutius, E. Renz, H.2008Cord blood allergen-specific IgE is associated with reduced IFN-gamma production by cord blood cells: The Protection against Allergy-Study in Rural Environments (PASTURE) study711-716*Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology1224ArticleOctBackground: It is currently discussed whether allergic sensitization may start in utero under the influence of the maternal immune system and environmental determinants. Objective: To investigate the relationship between allergen-specific cord blood (CB) IgE levels, parental sensitization, CB cytokine production, and environmental influences. Methods: As part of an ongoing multicenter birth cohort study, allergen-specific IgE antibodies against 20 common seasonal, perennial, and food allergens were measured in blood samples from 922 neonates, 922 mothers, and 835 fathers. Supernatants from stimulated CB cells were assessed for the production of IL-5, IFN-gamma, IL-10, and TNF-alpha. Results: Allergen-specific IgE antibodies were detectable in 23.9% of newborns. Contamination with maternal serum was excluded by several means of analyses, including the absence of IgA antibodies. Clear correlation between maternal and fetal IgE was found only for hen's egg, cow's milk, and soybean allergen. Fetal IgE correlated negatively with the level of IFN-gamma production, but not with IL-5 and IL-10. Conclusion: Allergen-specific IgE antibodies most probably of fetal origin are detectable in CB and correlate with a lowered CB IFN-gamma production.://000259989000012dPfefferle, Petra Ina Sel, Serdar Ege, Markus Johannes Buechele, Gisela Bluemer, Nicole Krauss-Etschmann, Susanne Herzum, Ileana Albers, Christoph E. Lauener, Roger P. Roponen, Marjut Hirvonen, Maija-Riitta Vuitton, Dominique A. Riedler, Josef Brunekreef, Bert Dalphin, Jean-Charles Braun-Fahrlaender, Charlotte Pekkanen, Juha von Mutius, Erika Renz, Harald 0091-6749ISI:0002599890000128.11510.1016/w|?Y3Vaartio, H. Leino-Kilpi, H. Suominen, T. Puukka, P.2008TThe content of advocacy in procedural pain care - patients' and nurses' perspectives504-513Journal of Advanced Nursing645ArticleDecuThe content of advocacy in procedural pain care - patient' and nurses' Perspectives. This paper is a report of an exploration of the content of nursing advocacy from the point of view of patients and nurses in the context of procedural pain care. Nursing advocacy is every nurse's professional duty, grounded in patients' legal and moral rights. Nevertheless, earlier research has approached advocacy as a whistle-blowing event from the nurse's perspective. This cross-sectional study was conducted with a cluster sample of otolaryngology patients (n = 405) and nurses (n = 118) in 11 hospital units in Finland during 2007. The data were collected using an instrument measuring the content of advocacy and analysed statistically. Advocacy in procedural pain care is a process which takes place in the patient-nurse relationship through role identification in decision-making about pain care. This prompts counselling and responding activities, which in turn lead to some degree of empowerment on the part of both patient and nurse. However, advocacy is partly dependent on the nurse's own role identification: in the context of pain care it seems that the nurse's pain care skills and influence over pain care plans are important factors in the decision to advocate or not. At best, patients have some role in decision-making about their care; at worst, they are subjected to paternalism. Advocacy is an integral part of the nursing care process. It is important that this key ethical aspect of professional nursing is discussed in nursing education and systematically applied in nursing practice through on-the-job training, feedback and collaboration.://000261063700011?Vaartio, Heli Leino-Kilpi, Helena Suominen, Tarja Puukka, Pauli 0309-2402ISI:0002610637000111.442 10.1111/j.1365-2\|?ZViana, M. Kuhlbusch, T. A. J. Querol, X. Alastuey, A. Harrison, R. M. Hopke, P. K. Winiwarter, W. Vallius, A. Szidat, S. Prevot, A. S. H. Hueglin, C. Bloemen, H. Wahlin, P. Vecchi, R. Miranda, A. I. Kasper-Giebl, A. Maenhaut, W. Hitzenbergerq, R.2008USource apportionment of particulate matter in Europe: A review of methods and results827-849Journal of Aerosol Science3910ReviewOctEuropean publications dealing with source apportionment (SA) of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) between 1987 and 2007 were reviewed in the present work, with a focus on methods and results. The main goal of this meta-analysis was to provide a review of the most commonly used SA methods in Europe, their comparability and results, and to evaluate current trends and identify possible gaps of the methods and future research directions. Our analysis showed that studies throughout Europe agree on the identification of four main source types (PM10 and PM2.5): a vehicular source (traced by carbon/Fe/Ba/Zn/Cu), a crustal source (Al/Si/Ca/Fe), a sea-salt source (Na/Cl/Mg), and a mixed industrial/fuel-oil combustion (V/Ni/SO42-) and a secondary aerosol (SO42-/NO3-/NH4+) source (the latter two probably representing the same source type). Their contributions to bulk PM levels varied widely at different monitoring sites, and showed clear spatial patterns in the cases of the crustal and sea-salt sources. Other specific sources such as biomass combustion or shipping emissions were rarely identified, even though they may contribute significantly to PM levels in specific locations. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000260362800001Viana, M. Kuhlbusch, T. A. J. Querol, X. Alastuey, A. Harrison, R. M. Hopke, P. K. Winiwarter, W. Vallius, A. Szidat, S. Prevot, A. S. H. Hueglin, C. Bloemen, H. Wahlin, P. Vecchi, R. Miranda, A. I. Kasper-Giebl, A. Maenhaut, W. Hitzenbergerq, R. 0021-8502ISI:0002603628000011.90210.1016/j.jae9']|?XYan, D. G. Konen, V. M.2008-Characteristics of oxysterol binding proteins253-+CInternational Review of Cytology: A Survey of Cell Biology, Vol 265265Protein families characterized by a ligand binding domain related to that of oxysterol binding protein (OSBP) have been identified in eukaryotic species from yeast to humans. These proteins, designated OSBP-related (ORP) or OSBP-like (OSBPL) proteins, have been implicated in various cellular functions. However, the detailed mechanisms of their action have remained elusive. Data from our and other laboratories suggest that binding of sterol ligands may be a unifying theme. Work with Soccharomyces cerevisiae ORPs suggests a function of these proteins in the nonvesicular intracellular transport of sterols, in secretory vesicle transport from the Golgi complex, and in the establishment of cell polarity. Mammals have more ORP genes, and differential splicing substantially increases the complexity of the encoded protein family. Functional studies on mammalian ORPs point in different directions: integration of sterol and sphingomyelin metabolism, sterol transport, regulation of neutral lipid metabolism, control of the microtubule-dependent motility of endosomes/lysosomes, and regulation of signaling cascades. We envision that during evolution, the functions of ORPs have diverged from an ancestral one in sterol transport, to meet the increasing demand of the regulatory potential in multicellular organisms. Our working hypothesis is that mammalian ORPs mainly act as sterol sensors that relay information to a spectrum of different cellular processes.://0002538887000079International Review of Cytology-a Survey of Cell Biology#Yan, Daoguang Konen, Vesa M. Review 0074-7696ISI:0002538887000075.50610.1016/s006|?W'Paja, K. Sund, R. Kaski, M. Pukkala, E.2008DCancer incidence among persons with Prader-Willi syndrome in Finland69-729International Journal on Disability and Human Development71ArticleJan-MarPrader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is an inherited, genetic condition with an incidence of 1 in 26-28,000 and most common hereditary reason for life threatening obesity. There is a base to consider increased risk of cancer in PWS. Methods: Persons with PWS (n = 56) were identified from the Finnish registry on persons with ID. Follow-up for cancer incidence was performed in the Finnish Cancer Registry with personal identifier as linkage keys. Results: There were three cancers (acute lymphatic leukemia, testicular cancer and breast cancer) during the follow up; the expected number based on average Finnish population was 1.51 (SIR 2,0, CI95% 0.4-5.8). There is a possibility of increased risk of cancer among persons with PWS.://0002559710000117Paja, Kristiina Sund, Reijo Kaski, Markus Pukkala, Eero 1565-012XISI:000255971000011|?UPKarila, T. A. M. Sarkkinen, P. Marttinen, M. Seppaelae, T. Mero, A. Tallroth, K.2008.Rapid Weight Loss Decreases Serum Testosterone872-877(International Journal of Sports Medicine2911ArticleNovTo investigate the effects of a rapid weight reduction program under authentic pre-competition conditions, eighteen elite wrestlers were Studied with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) before and after two to three weeks' weight reduction regimens. In order to establish the degree of dehydration and hormonal Status, blood samples were collected to obtain blood chemistry, electrolytes and endocrinological parameters after both DXA measurements. The mean weight loss was 8.2 +/- 2.3% and it was constituted by the mean reductions of fat mass of 16 +/- 6.9% (p <= 0.001) and lean body mass of 7.9 +/- 2.5%. The rapid weight reduction caused significant dehydration which was noticed as increased blood hemoglobin (7.8 +/- 5.9%, p <= 0.001), hematocrit (11.3 +/- 6.8%, p <= 0.001), and serum creatinine (35 +/- 23%, p <= 0.001). There was a significant decrease in serum testosterone(63 +/- 33%, p <= 0.001) and luteinizing hormone (54 +/- 47%, p <= 0.001) concentrations. A reduced body weight correlated with decreased serum testosterone concentration (r = 0.53, p <= 0.024). Serum sex hormone binding globulin concentration increased significantly (40 +/- 21%, p <= 0.001). The results Suggest that even short-term weight reduction may have marked effects on body composition, blood chemistry and hormonal parameters. It may constitute a possible health risk at least in a growing adolescent athlete.://000260781100002QKarilal, T. A. M. Sarkkinen, P. Marttinen, M. Seppaelae, T. Mero, A. Tallroth, K. 0172-4622ISI:0002607811000021.52410.1055/s-2008-1038604|?VUBang, D. Herlin, T. Stegger, M. Andersen, A. B. Torkko, P. Tortoli, E. Thomsen, V. O.2008Mycobacterium arosiense sp nov., a slowly growing, scotochromogenic species causing osteomyelitis in an immunocompromised child 2398-2402AInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology58ArticleOcttA yellow-pigmented, scotochromogenic, slowly growing mycobacterial strain, designated T1921(T), was isolated from the disseminated osteomyelitic lesions of a 7-year-old child with an underlying partial gamma interferon receptor alpha-1 deficiency. Hybridization by the line probe assay indicated the presence of a Mycobacterium species. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, the internally transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the hsp65 and rpoB genes revealed that strain T1921(T) could be differentiated from all recognized species of the genus Mycobacterium. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene indicated that strain T1921(T) was related most closely to Mycobacterium intracellulare, whereas analysis based on the ITS and hsp65 and rpoB genes indicated that it was most closely related to Mycobacterium avium. Phenotypic tests were not able to differentiate strain T1921(T) from similar slowly growing mycobacteria. Strain T1921(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Mycobacterium, for which the name Mycobacterium arosiense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is T1921(T) (=DSM 45069(T) =ATCC BAA-1401(T)).://000260478600029Bang, Didi Herlin, Troels Stegger, Marc Andersen, Aase Bengaard Torkko, Pirjo Tortoli, Enrico Thomsen, Vibeke Ostergaard Part 10 1466-5026ISI:0002604786000292.38410.1099/ijs.0.65503-0zk4|?T)Markkanen, A. Juutilainen, J. Naarala, J.2008hPre-exposure to 50Hz magnetic fields modifies menadione-induced DNA damage response in murine L929 cells742-751*International Journal of Radiation Biology849ArticlePurpose: Effects on DNA damage response were investigated in murine L929 cells exposed to 50Hz magnetic fields (MF) with or without ultraviolet B (UVB, wavelength 280-320nm) radiation or menadione (MQ). Materials and methods: Cells were exposed to MF at 100 or 300 mu T combined with MQ (150 mu M, 1 hour) or UVB radiation (160 J/m(2)) using various exposure schedules. The samples were stained with propidium iodide (PI) and analysed by flow cytometer for cell cycle stages. Apoptotic cells were defined as sub G(1) events. Results: In cells first exposed to 100 mu T MF for 24h, the response to subsequent MQ treatment was significantly altered so that the proportion of sub G(1) cells was decreased and the proportion of cells in the G(2)/M phase was increased. When a 300 mu T MF was used, also the proportion of cells in the G(1) phase was decreased. MF exposures after MQ treatment did not alter responses to MQ. No effects were found from MF exposure alone or from MF combined with UVB radiation. Conclusions: The results strengthen previous findings suggesting that pre-exposure to MF can alter cellular responses to other agents, and indicate that MF as low as 100 mu T has measurable impacts on cancer-relevant cellular processes such as DNA-damage.://0002596453000040Markkanen, Ari Juutilainen, Jukka Naarala, Jonne 0955-3002ISI:0002596453000041.46810.1080/09$|?S0Nummela, O. Sulander, T. Rahkonen, O. Uutela, A.2008`Associations of self-rated health with different forms of leisure activities among ageing people227-235&International Journal of Public Health535ArticleObjectives: This study examined associations between self-rated health and specific forms of leisure activities - i.e. singing in a choir, art painting, playing music; art exhibitions, theatre, movies, concerts; religious events; studying and self-development; voluntary work - and investigated how confounding factors contribute to these associations among ageing people in Finland. Methods: A postal survey was conducted in 2002 among men and women born in 1926-30, 1936-40 and 1946-50. The final 2,815 participants represented 66% of the original sample drawn, stratified by age, gender, and municipality. Logistic regression analyses were used to investigate associations between specific forms of leisure activities and self-rated health. Results: Going to art exhibitions, theatre, movies, and concerts among women and studying and self-development among men were significantly positively related to self-rated health, even after adjusting for socioeconomic status (SES), other sociodemographic variables, obesity, and health behaviours. Among women, active participation in religious events and voluntary work were negatively associated with self-rated health. Conclusions: The association of leisure activities and good self-rated health may differ for genders due to their nature or meaning. Partial support was found for the assumption that leisure activities go together with better self-rated health among ageing people.://000260465100003:Nummela, Olli Sulander, Tommi Rahkonen, Ossi Uutela, Antti 1661-8556ISI:00026046510000310.1007/s00038-008-6117-2I|?RAntretter, E. Dunkel, D. Haring, C. Corcoran, P. De Leo, D. Fekete, S. Hawton, K. Kerkhof, Ajfm Lonnqvist, J. Renberg, E. S. Schmidtke, A. Van Heeringen, K. Wasserman, D.2008uThe factorial structure of the Suicide Intent Scale: a comparative study in clinical samples from 11 European regions63-798International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research172ArticleJunAlthough the Suicide Intent Scale (SIS) is a widely used instrument in research on suicidal behavior, comparative research on the latent structure of the SIS has been neglected. To determine whether a general factor model of the SIS is supported, alternative factor models of the SIS were evaluated comparatively in I I clinical samples. The SIS was applied as part of a structured clinical interview to patients after an episode of non-fatal suicidal behavior. The samples were drawn from I I study centers within the frame of the WHO/EURO multicenter study on suicidal behavior. Three different two-factor and two three-factor models of the SIS were examined in each sample using principal component analysis with orthogonal Procrustes rotation. The factorial structure of the 'subjective part' of the SIS (items 9-14) was strongly supported, whereas an acceptable model fit for the 'objective part' was not found. Possible future revisions of 'objective' SIS items may be worth consideration. As a limitation, the results of the study might not generalize to other samples that use different definitions of non-fatal suicidal behavior. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.://000257231900001Antretter, E. Dunkel, D. Haring, C. Corcoran, P. De Leo, D. Fekete, S. Hawton, K. Kerkhof, A. J. F. M. Lonnqvist, J. Renberg, E. Salander Schmidtke, A. Van Heeringen, K. Wasserman, D. 1049-8931ISI:0002572319000011.30810.1002/mpr.231|?Q\Palo, J. U. Pirttimaa, M. Bengs, A. Johnsson, V. Ulmanen, I. Lukka, M. Udd, B. Sajantila, A.2008lThe effect of number of loci on geographical structuring and forensic applicability of Y-STR data in Finland449-456'International Journal of Legal Medicine1226ArticleNovThe Y-chromosomal diversity among Finnish males is characterized by low diversity and substantial geographical substructuring. In a 12-locus data set (PowerPlexY), espe-cially the eastern parts of the country showed low levels of variation, and the western, middle, and eastern parts of Finland differed from each other by their Y-short tandem repeat (STR) haplotype frequencies (Palo et al., Forensic Sci Int Genet 1:120-124, 2007). In this paper, we have analyzed geographical patterns of Y-STR diversity using both 12-locus (PowerPlexY) and 17-locus (Yfiler) data sets from the same set of geographically structured samples. In the larger data set, the haplotype diversity is significantly higher, as expected. The geographical distribution of haplotypes is similar in both data sets, but the level of interregional differences is significantly lower in the Yfiler data. The implications of these observations on the forensic casework are discussed.://000259732400001uPalo, Jukka U. Pirttimaa, Markus Bengs, Auli Johnsson, Vivian Ulmanen, Ismo Lukka, Matti Udd, Bjarne Sajantila, Antti 0937-9827ISI:0002597324000013.03010.1007/s|?PaEskelinen, M. H. Ngandu, T. Helkala, E. L. Tuomilehto, J. Nissinen, A. Soininen, H. Kivipelto, M.2008\Fat intake at midlife and cognitive impairment later in life: a population-based CAIDE study741-747-International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry237ArticleJulObjective To investigate the association of midlife dietary fat intake to cognitive performance, and to the occurrence of clinical mild cognitive impairment (MCI) later in life in a non-demented population. Design A longitudinal population-based study. Setting Populations of Kuopio and Joensuu, Eastern Finland. Participants and methods Participants of the CAIDE study were derived from random, population-based samples studied at midlife (1972, 1977, 1982 or 1987). After an average follow-up of 21 years, a total of 1449 (72%) individuals aged 65-80 years participated in the re-examination in 1998. Altogether 82 (5.7%) people were diagnosed as having MCI. Dietary information was collected with a structured questionnaire and an interview at midlife. Main outcome measures MCI, global cognitive and executive functions, episodic, semantic and prospective memory and psychomotor speed. Results Abundant saturated fat (SFA) intake from milk products and spreads at midlife was associated with poorer global cognitive function and prospective memory and with an increased risk of MCI (OR 2.36, 95% CI 1.17-4.74) after adjusting for demographic and vascular factors, other fats and ApoE. On the contrary, high intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was associated with better semantic memory. Also frequent fish consumption was associated with better global cognitive function and semantic memory. Further, higher PUFA-SFA ratio was associated with better psychomotor speed and executive function. Conclusions Our data suggests that dietary fat intake at midlife affects cognitive performance and occurrence of MCI later in life. The impact of dietary interventions needs to be tested in clinical trials. Copyright (C) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.://000257729300012zEskelinen, Marjo H. Ngandu, Tiia Helkala, Eeva-Liisa Tuomilehto, Jaakko Nissinen, Aulikki Soininen, Hilkka Kivipelto, Miia 0885-6230ISI:0002577293000122.19710.1002/gps.1969wt|?OwTurunen, A. W. Verkasalo, P. K. Kiviranta, H. Pukkala, E. Jula, A. Mannisto, S. Rasanen, R. Marniemi, J. Vartiainen, T.20080Mortality in a cohort with high fish consumption 1008-1017%International Journal of Epidemiology375ArticleOctBackground Our aim was to assess the mortality of fishermen and fishermens wives in Finland, presuming that the mortality reflects their high consumption of contaminated fish. Methods All Finnish fishermen, registered since 1980, were identified from the Professional Fishermen Register (N = 6410), and the fishermens wives from the national population register (N = 4260). The cohorts were individually linked with cause-of-death data until 2005 at Statistics Finland. The follow-up started in the year after the first registration as a fisherman and at marriage (if later) for the wives. The standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were calculated based on the national mortality rates. In addition, blood samples and food frequency questionnaire data were collected from a volunteer sample. Results The average fish consumption and serum concentrations of fish-derived fatty acids and environmental contaminants were higher among the fishermen and their wives than among the general population from the same region. The fishermen and their wives had lower mortality from all causes (SMR 0.78, 95 confidence interval (CI) 0.73-0.82, and 0.84, 0.76-0.93, respectively), and ischaemic heart diseases (0.73, 0.65-0.81, and 0.65, 0.50-0.83) than the general population. Mortality from cerebrovascular diseases and malignant neoplasms was decreased among the fishermen (0.67, 0.52-0.85, and 0.90, 0.80-1.01), but not among the wives. In addition, the fishermens mortality from water transport accidents was extremely high (8.31, 5.65-11.79). Conclusions The fishermen and their wives had lower mortality from many natural causes. The high intakes of environmental contaminants in fish were not seen as excess mortality.://000259771500017Turunen, Anu W. Verkasalo, Pia K. Kiviranta, Hannu Pukkala, Eero Jula, Antti Mannisto, Satu Rasanen, Riina Marniemi, Jukka Vartiainen, Terttu 0300-5771ISI:0002597715000175.15110]|?NIYan, Y. Silvennoinen-Kassinen, S. Tormakangas, L. Leinonen, M. Saikku, P.2008ZSelective cyclooxygenase inhibitors prevent the growth of Chlamydia pneumoniae in HL cells78-83-International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents321ArticleJul The effects of the selective cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors SC-560 and PTPBS were studied in Chlamydia pneumoniae-infected HL cell cultures. Chlamydia pneumoniae growth and viability were assessed by quantifying inclusions and re-passages. COX-1 and COX-2 mRNA expression in HL cells during chlamydial infection was quantified with real-time polymerase chain reaction. SC-560 (10 mu g/mL) and PTPBS (18 mu g/mL) completely inhibited the growth of C. pneumoniae and the effect was dose-dependent between 4-9 mu g/mL and 2-16 mu g/mL, respectively. Inclusion size was reduced from 11.5 +/- 1.3 mu m to 1.9 +/- 0.7 mu m in the presence of the drugs. Removing the drugs returned the size to normal and increased the number of inclusions. Selective COX inhibitors appear to have a chlamydiostatic but not chlamydiacidic effect: they inhibit the growth of C. pneumoniae in vitro but do not prevent infection or eradicate C. pneumoniae from host cells. 2008 Elsevier B.V. and the International Society of Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.://000257626900012WYan, Ying Silvennoinen-Kassinen, Sylvi Tormakangas, Liisa Leinonen, Maija Saikku, Pekka 0924-8579ISI:0002576269000122.338!10.1016/j.ijanti|?L=Kajantie, E. Eriksson, J. Osmond, C. Thornburg, K. Barker, D.2008\Increased Risk of Stroke in the Adult Offspring from Pregnancies Complicated by Preeclampsia444-444Hypertension in Pregnancy274Meeting Abstract://000260834400037JKajantie, Eero Eriksson, Johan Osmond, Clive Thornburg, Kent Barker, David 1064-1955ISI:0002608344000371.185x|?MRVainiotalo, S. Patja, K. Laatikainen, T. Kuusimaki, L. Peltonen, K. Vartiainen, E.2008Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at work, at home, and during leisure time: Personal exposure measurements by diffusive sampling of airborne 3-ethenylpyridine442-448Indoor and Built Environment175ArticleOctEnvironmental tobacco smoke (ETS) is associated with an increased risk of several diseases. In 2002, the ETS exposure level was studied in a Finnish cross-sectional population sample with a sub-sample of currently working nonsmokers. In all, 123 nonsmokers (25-64 years) reporting at least 1 h of daily exposure to ETS participated in personal exposure measurements. Two 3M organic vapor monitors, one for work and one for free time, were given to each participant. A 5-day sampling of breathing zone air was based on the passive monitoring of 3-ethenylpyridine (3-EP), a vapor-phase compound specific to tobacco smoke. The 3-EP concentrations ranged from <0.01 to 30 mu g.m(-3) (n = 221), with low exposures as the most frequent. More than half (55%) of the study group was exposed both at work and during free time. The geometric mean concentration for 3-EP at home and during leisure time was 0.07 mg.m(-3) (mean sampling time 74 h) and during working hours 0.30 mg.m(-3) (mean sampling time 32 h). The study showed that despite the restrictions concerning indoor smoking at work, the ETS exposure seemed to be higher at work than at home or during leisure time. The average exposure levels were similar for men and women.://000259632500008iVainiotalo, Sinikka Patja, Kristiina Laatikainen, Tiina Kuusimaki, Leea Peltonen, Kimmo Vartiainen, Erkki 1420-326XISI:0002596325000080.50010.1177/1 |?KNyholt, D. R. LaForge, K. S. Kallela, M. Alakurtti, K. Anttila, V. Farkkila, M. Hamalainen, E. Kaprio, J. Kaunisto, M. A. Heath, A. C. Montgomery, G. W. Gobel, H. Todt, U. Ferrari, M. D. Launer, L. J. Frants, R. R. Terwindt, G. M. de Vries, B. Verschuren, W. M. M. Brand, J. Freilinger, T. Pfaffenrath, V. Straube, A. Ballinger, D. G. Zhan, Y. Daly, M. J. Cox, D. R. Dichgans, M. van den Maagdenberg, Amjm Kubisch, C. Martin, N. G. Wessman, M. Peltonen, L. Palotie, A.2008aA high-density association screen of 155 ion transport genes for involvement with common migraine 3318-3331Human Molecular Genetics1721ArticleNovThe clinical overlap between monogenic Familial Hemiplegic Migraine (FHM) and common migraine subtypes, and the fact that all three FHM genes are involved in the transport of ions, suggest that ion transport genes may underlie susceptibility to common forms of migraine. To test this leading hypothesis, we examined common variation in 155 ion transport genes using 5257 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a Finnish sample of 841 unrelated migraine with aura cases and 884 unrelated non-migraine controls. The top signals were then tested for replication in four independent migraine case -control samples from the Netherlands, Germany and Australia, totalling 2835 unrelated migraine cases and 2740 unrelated controls. SNPs within 12 genes (KCNB2, KCNQ3, CLIC5, ATP2C2, CACNA1E, CACNB2, KCNE2, KCNK12, KCNK2, KCNS3, SCN5A and SCN9A) with promising nominal association (0.00041 < P < 0.005) in the Finnish sample were selected for replication. Although no variant remained significant after adjusting for multiple testing nor produced consistent evidence for association across all cohorts, a significant epistatic interaction between KCNB2 SNP rs1431656 (chromosome 8q13.3) and CACNB2 SNP rs7076100 (chromosome 10p12.33) (pointwise P 5 0.00002; global P 5 0.02) was observed in the Finnish case -control sample. We conclude that common variants of moderate effect size in ion transport genes do not play a major role in susceptibility to common migraine within these European populations, although there is some evidence for epistatic interaction between potassium and calcium channel genes, KCNB2 and CACNB2. Multiple rare variants or trans-regulatory elements of these genes are not ruled out.://000259974000006TNyholt, Dale R. LaForge, K. Steven Kallela, Mikko Alakurtti, Kirsi Anttila, Verneri Farkkila, Markus Hamalainen, Eija Kaprio, Jaakko Kaunisto, Mari A. Heath, Andrew C. Montgomery, Grant W. Goebel, Hartmut Todt, Unda Ferrari, Michel D. Launer, Lenore J. Frants, Rune R. Terwindt, Gisela M. de Vries, Boukje Verschuren, W. M. Monique Brand, Jan Freilinger, Tobias Pfaffenrath, Volker Straube, Andreas Ballinger, Dennis G. Zhan, Yiping Daly, Mark J. Cox, David R. Dichgans, Martin van den Maagdenberg, Arn M. J. M. Kubisch, Christian Martin, Nicholas G. Wessman, Maija Peltonen, Leena Palotie, Aarno 0964-6906ISI:0002599740000067.80610.|?JoTolppanen, A. M. Pulkkinen, L. Herder, C. Koenig, W. Kolehmainen, M. Lindstrom, J. Tuomilelito, J. Uusitupa, M.2008The genetic variation of the tenomodulin gene (TNMD) is associated with serum levels of systemic immune mediators - The Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study536-544Genetics in Medicine107ArticleJulPurpose: We have reported that the genetic variation of the tenomodulin gene (TNMD) is associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), central obesity, and impaired glucose metabolism and the TNMD mRNA levels correlate with serum and mRNA levels of inflammatory markers. Our objective was to investigate the genetic associations of the single nucleotide polymorphisms of the TNMD gene with the Serum levels of systemic immune mediators. Methods: Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped from 507 participants of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. All. subjects,had body mass index >25 and impaired glucose tolerance. Results: The sequence variation of tenomodulin was consistently associated with the serum, concentrations of acute phase reactants,macrophage migration inhibitory factor, and CCR5 receptor ligands. The genotype effects were modified by status of glucose metabolism and central obesity. Markers associated with increased risk of T2DM in our previous study were associated with serum concentrations of acute phase proteins in men so that the subjects possessing the genotypes associated with increased risk of T2DM had higher serum concentrations of acute phase reactants. Conclusions: These results indicate that the genetic variation of TNMD is associated with low-grade inflammation. The putative link between TNMD and T2DM could be mediated through the effects on systemic immune mediators.://000257849600008Tolppanen, Anna-Maija Pulkkinen, Leena Herder, Christian Koenig, Wolfgang Kolehmainen, Marjukka Lindstroem, Jaana Tuomilelito, Jaakko Uusitupa, Matti 1098-3600ISI:0002578496000083.31810.1097/GIM.3|?IJSilventoinen, K. Magnusson, P. K. E. Tynelius, P. Kaprio, J. Rasmussen, F.2008dHeritability of body size and muscle strength in young adulthood: A study of one million Swedish men341-349Genetic Epidemiology324ArticleMayaModerate heritability for skeletal muscle strength has been reported in twin studies, but genetic co-variation between muscle strength at different parts of body and body size is not well known. Further, representativeness of twin cohorts needs to be critically evaluated. Height, weight, elbow flexion, hand grip and knee extension strength were measured in young adulthood in 1,139,963 Swedish men born between 1951 and 1976. We identified 154,970 full-brother pairs and 1582 monozygotic (MZ) and 1864 same-sex dizygotic (DZ) complete twin pairs. The data were analyzed using quantitative genetic modeling for twin and family data. Twins compared to singletons and MZ twins compared to DZ twins were shorter, lighter and had lower muscle strength. In singletons, there was more variation in weight and the strength measures compared to twins with known zygosity but not when compared to twins with unknown zygosity. Full-sib correlations for these traits were lower than DZ correlations. Additive genetic factors explained 81% of variation in height, 59% in body mass index and 50-60% in the strength measures. Additive genetic correlations varied from 0.13 between height and elbow flexion strength to 0.78 between elbow flexion and hand grip strength. Our results suggest that extra variation may exist in general populations not found in twin samples, probably because of selection due to nonparticipation. This may have inflated heritability estimates in previous twin studies. Nonetheless, we showed that genetic factors affect muscle strength and part of these genes are common to different strength indicators and body size.://000255471100005XSilventoinen, Karri Magnusson, Patrik K. E. Tynelius, Per Kaprio, Jaakko Rasmussen, Finn 0741-0395ISI:0002554711000053.33810.|?HBradley, E. L. Honkalampi-Hamalainen, U. Weber, A. Andersson, M. A. Bertaud, F. Castle, L. Dahlman, O. Hakulinen, P. Hoornstra, D. Lhuguenot, J. C. Maki-Paakkanen, J. Salkinoja-Salonen, M. Speck, D. R. Severin, I. Stammati, A. Turco, L. Zucco, F. von Wright, A.2008The BIOSAFEPAPER project for in vitro toxicity assessments: Preparation, detailed chemical characterisation and testing of extracts from paper and board samples 2498-2509Food and Chemical Toxicology467ArticleJulNineteen food contact papers and boards and one non-food contact board were extracted following test protocols developed within European Union funded project BIOSAFEPAPER. The extraction media were either hot or cold water, 95% ethanol or Tenax, according to the end use of the sample. The extractable dry matter content of the samples varied from 1200 to 11,800 mg/kg (0.8-35.5 mg/dm(2)). According to GC-MS the main substances extracted into water were pulp-derived natural products such as fatty acids, resin acids, natural wood sterols and alkanols. Substances extracted into ethanol particularly, were diisopropylnaphthalenes, alkanes and phthalic acid esters. The non-food contact board showed the greatest number and highest concentrations of GC-MS detectable compounds. The extracts were subjected to a battery of in vitro toxicity tests measuring both acute and sublethal cytotoxicity and genotoxic effects. None of the water or Tenax extracts was positive in cytotoxicity or genotoxicity assays. The ethanol extract of the non-food contact board gave a positive response in the genotoxicity assays, and all four ethanol extracts gave positive response(s) in the cytotoxicity assays to some extent. These responses could not be pinpointed to any specific compound, although there appeared a correlation between the total amount of extractables and toxicity. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000257480200030Bradley, E. L. Honkalampi-Hamalainen, U. Weber, A. Andersson, M. A. Bertaud, F. Castle, L. Dahlman, O. Hakulinen, P. Hoornstra, D. Lhuguenot, J. -C Maki-Paakkanen, J. Salkinoja-Salonen, M. Speck, D. R. Severin, I. Stammati, A. Turco, L. Zucco, F. von Wright, A. 0278-6915ISI:0002574802000302.18610.1016/j.fct.2008.04.0172|?G@Savijoki, K. Alvesalo, J. Vuorela, P. Leinonen, M. Kalkkinen, N.2008sProteomic analysis of Chlamydia pneumoniae-infected HL cells reveals extensive degradation of cytoskeletal proteins375-384(Fems Immunology and Medical Microbiology543ArticleDec"Cytoskeletal proteins of HL cells, following Chlamydia pneumoniae infection, were studied by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis. Proteome analyses of HL cells at 48 and 72 h postinfection revealed significant changes in important constituents of the intermediate filament and microtubulin networks. These cytoskeletal proteins, identified as keratin K8, keratin K18, vimentin and beta-tubulin, were represented by several distinct spots with different pI and molecular weight values, implying that they have undergone posttranslational modifications stimulated by the infection. According to MS analyses, these proteins appeared to be N- and/or C-terminally truncated. Additional immunoblot analyses suggested that inhibiting the activity of the chlamydial protease-like activity factor (CPAF) by lactacystin results in increased stability of keratin K18, vimentin and beta-tubulin in infected HL cells. Interestingly, primary amino acid sequence analyses revealed potential recognition/cleavage sites for CPAF in each of these cytoskeletal proteins. These results provide an insight into the pathogenic mechanisms exploited by chlamydia, and suggest that proteolytic modification of the indicated proteins may be involved in establishing a productive infection.://000261060700011LSavijoki, Kirsi Alvesalo, Joni Vuorela, Pia Leinonen, Maija Kalkkinen, Nisse 0928-8244ISI:0002610607000111.928 10.1111/j.1574-69|?FWBjork, K. Rimondini, R. Hansson, A. C. Terasmaa, A. Hyytia, P. Heilig, M. Sommer, W. H.2008>Modulation of voluntary ethanol consumption by beta-arrestin 2 2552-2560 Faseb Journal227ArticleJulBeta-arrestin 2 is a multifunctional key component of the G protein-coupled receptor complex and is involved in mu-opiate and dopamine D2 receptor signaling, both of which are thought to mediate the rewarding effects of ethanol consumption. We identified elevated expression of the beta-arrestin 2 gene (Arrb2) in the striatum and the hippocampus of ethanol-preferring AA rats compared to their nonpreferring counterpart ANA line. Differential mRNA expression was accompanied by different levels of Arrb2 protein. The elevated expression was associated with a 7-marker haplotype in complete linkage disequilibrium, which segregated fully between the lines, and was unique to the preferring line. Furthermore, a single, distinct, and highly significant quantitative trait locus for Arrb2 expression in hippocampus and striatum was identified at the locus of this gene, providing evidence that genetic variation may affect a cis-regulatory mechanism for expression and regional control of Arrb2. These findings were functionally validated using mice lacking Arrb2, which displayed both reduced voluntary ethanol consumption and ethanol-induced psychomotor stimulation. Our results demonstrate that beta-arrestin 2 modulates acute responses to ethanol and is an important mediator of ethanol reward.://000257292500046WBjork, K. Rimondini, R. Hansson, A. C. Terasmaa, A. Hyytia, P. Heilig, M. Sommer, W. H. 0892-6638ISI:0002572925000466.72110.1096/fj.07-102442J|?EuSunyer, J. Pistelli, R. Plana, E. Andreani, M. Baldari, F. Kolz, M. Koenig, W. Pekkanen, J. Peters, A. Forastiere, F.2008?Systemic inflammation, genetic susceptibility and lung function92-97European Respiratory Journal321ArticleJulLocal inflammation in airway diseases is well recognised, but less is known about the association between low-grade systemic inflammatory processes and lung function. The aim of the present study was to assess the association between inflammatory markers and lung function, taking into account polymorphisms in genes coding for inflammatory markers. In 134 post-myocardial infarction patients, six repeated measurements of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6 and fibrinogen in peripheral blood were assayed using high-sensitivity tests. Spirometry was conducted at baseline. Genotyping of single nucleotide polymorphisms was performed in genes coding for the inflammatory markers. CRP and IL-6 levels were negatively associated with forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC) and mean forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of FVC (FEF25-75%). In the CRP gene, both the polymorphism rs1205 and the haplotype 2 showed a protective association with FEV1 and FEF25-75%, and, to a lesser extent, with FVC. rs1205 and haplotype 2 were both negatively associated with CRP levels in peripheral blood. Analysis with instrumental variables also showed a protective effect between these CRP gene polymorphisms and lung function. Results are very suggestive that heritability of lung function is at least partly controlled by the CRP gene. Applying a Mendelian randomisation approach, the study supports a causal association between low-grade general inflammation and airway diseases.://000257300200015uSunyer, J. Pistelli, R. Plana, E. Andreani, M. Baldari, F. Kolz, M. Koenig, W. Pekkanen, J. Peters, A. Forastiere, F. 0903-1936ISI:0002573002000155.34910.1183/09I7](|?D|Vlasoff, T. Laatikainen, T. Korpelainen, V. Uhanov, M. Pokusajeva, S. Rogacheva, A. Tossavainen, K. Vartiainen, E. Puska, P.2008RTen year trends in chronic disease risk factors in the Republic of Karelia, Russia666-673!European Journal of Public Health186ArticleDecBackground: In Russia, non-communicable diseases are leading cause of death. The aim of this article is to describe changes in chronic disease risk factors (RFs) in Pitkranta district in Russia during ten year period of time from 1992 to 2002. Methods: Study areas were Pitkranta and Aunus districts in the Republic of Karelia, North-West Russia. The RF surveys were carried out in Pitkranta every fifth year since 1992 and in Aunus in 2003. Independent random samples, age 2564, were taken from the population registers. Blood pressure, weight and height were measured. Serum cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride and GGT values were determined from serum samples. Smoking and alcohol consumption were asked. The total number of respondents was 2766. Results: Systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased in Pitkranta from 1992 to 2002. Total serum cholesterol increased slightly. There was no significant change in BMI or in physical activity. Smoking did not change in males but increased among females. Self-reported alcohol use increased, as also mean GGT. Conclusions: The study gives valuable information on developments of RFs in Russia. Some alarming tendencies in lifestyle were seen and chronic disease RF situation has generally worsened. The results also show how big is the challenge to change lifestyles deep in cultureand in the situation where preventive work and policies do not receive strong support. A reliable monitoring of RFs and behaviours is obviously a back bone for drawing necessary attention and to steer intervention.://000261168800024Vlasoff, Tiina Laatikainen, Tiina Korpelainen, Vesa Uhanov, Mihail Pokusajeva, Svetlana Rogacheva, Anastasiya Tossavainen, Kerttu Vartiainen, Erkki Puska, Pekka 1101-1262ISI:0002611688000241.91010.I7]|?CNVirtanen, P. Vahtera, J. Broms, U. Sillanmaeki, L. Kivimaeki, M. Koskenvuo, M.2008hEmployment trajectory as determinant of change in health-related lifestyle: the prospective HeSSup study504-508!European Journal of Public Health185ArticleOctmBackground: Changes in employment status may be associated with changes in health-related lifestyle, but population level research of such associations is very limited. This study aimed to determine associations between lifestyle and five employment trajectories, i.e. stable, unstable, upward downward and chronic unemployment. Methods: A cohort of 10 100 employees was followed up for 5 years. Associations of the employment trajectories with changes in smoking, alcohol drinking, body weight, physical activity and sleep duration were assessed with analysis of variance for repeated measures and pairwise post hoc comparisons. Results: Smoking was the only lifestyle component that was not associated with employment trajectory. In both genders, sleep duration decreased during chronic unemployment and among those on a downward employment trajectory. In men, alcohol consumption also increased in these two groups and body weight increased in the latter group. In women, physical activity decreased among those on a downward trajectory. In contrast, an upward labour market trajectory was associated with healthy or no changes in lifestyle both in men and women. Conclusion: Changes in lifestyle may contribute to development of the health gradients between the employed and unemployed, whereas unstable employment versus permanent employment does not incur risk of unhealthy lifestyle changes. In order to prevent widening of employment-related health inequalities, passages into employment should be facilitated and opportunities for health promotion should be improved among those trapped in or moving towards the labour market periphery.://000259583400015_Virtanen, Pekka Vahtera, Jussi Broms, Ulla Sillanmaeki, Lauri Kivimaeki, Mika Koskenvuo, Markku 1101-1262ISI:0002595834000151.91010.{|?B\Lahti-Koski, M. Taskinen, O. Simila, M. Mannisto, S. Laatikainen, T. Knekt, P. Valsta, L. M.20084Mapping geographical variation in obesity in Finland637-643!European Journal of Public Health186ArticleDecBackground: The prevalence of obesity varies across countries. However, less is known about the geographical, within-country variation. This study investigated and visualized the geographical differences in general obesity defined by body mass index (BMI) and in abdominal obesity defined by waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) in Finland. Subjects and methods: Data for the study consisted of three large population surveys: Health 2000 Survey with a nationally representative sample together with the National FINRISK Study conducted in five areas in 1997 and six areas in 2002. Altogether, 17 816 men and women aged 3064 years participated in the surveys. In each survey, subjects weight, height and circumferences of waist and hip were measured. The geographical pattern of mean anthropometric values and obesity prevalence were studied applying a Bayesian hierarchical approach and Geographical Information Systems. Results: Both in men and women, the prevalence of obesity (BMI 30 kg m(2)) varied little across geographical areas, but it was smaller in cities compared with other areas across the country. In men, the prevalence of abdominal obesity defined both by waist circumference and WHR was higher in western Finland compared with southern and northern Finland. Also in women, the prevalence of abdominal obesity was highest in western Finland, especially as defined by waist circumference. Conclusions: Geographical variation in BMI was different and less prominent than in waist circumference and WHR. Abdominal obesity was surprisingly high in western Finland, the area seldom investigated. Mapping obesity gives a useful tool for professionals working in the field of health promotion.://000261168800019qLahti-Koski, Marjaana Taskinen, Olli Simila, Minna Mannisto, Satu Laatikainen, Tiina Knekt, Paul Valsta, Liisa M. 1101-1262ISI:0002611688000191.91010.1093/eurpub/ckn0893#|?AGNiemela, J. Ifergan, I. Yegutkin, G. G. Jalkanen, S. Prat, A. Airas, L.2008KIFN-beta regulates CD73 and adenosine expression at the blood-brain barrier 2718-2726European Journal of Immunology3810ArticleOct|IFN-beta treatment reduces the relapse rate in MS but its mechanism of action remains incompletely understood. Our aim was to clarify the beneficial effect of IFN-beta in the treatment of MS. We assessed the influence of IFN-beta treatment on (i) CD73 expression on the surface of primary cultures of human blood-brain barrier endothelial cells (BBB-EC) and human astrocytes using immunofluorescence staining and flow cytometry, (ii) transmigration of CD4(+) T lymphocytes using an in vitro model of BBB and (iii) CD73 enzyme activity, i.e. ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity in the serum of MS patients using a radiochemical assay. IFN-beta increases the expression of ecto-5'-nucleotidase both on BBB-EC and astrocytes. As a consequence, lymphocyte transmigration through BBB-EC is reduced. Importantly, this reduction can be reversed using alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine-5'-diphosphate, a specific inhibitor of ecto-5'-nucleotidase. CD73 is strongly expressed in microvasculature in samples of postmortem MS brain and, moreover, in the majority of MS patients there was a clear upregulation both in the soluble serum ecto-5'-nucleotidase activity and skin microvascular CD73 expression after IFN-beta treatment. Upregulation of ecto-5'-nucleotidase and a subsequent increase in adenosine production might contribute to the beneficial effects of IFN-beta on MS via enhancing the endothelial barrier function.://000260693500009^Niemela, Jussi Ifergan, Igal Yegutkin, Gennady G. Jalkanen, Sirpa Prat, Alexander Airas, Laura 0014-2980ISI:0002606935000094.66210.10D3d|?@bRantanen, E. Hietala, M. Kristoffersson, U. Nippert, I. Schmidtke, J. Sequeiros, J. Kaariainen, H.2008vRegulations and practices of genetic counselling in 38 European countries: the perspective of national representatives 1208-1216"European Journal of Human Genetics1610ArticleOct+The aim of this article is to review the national regulations and practices of genetic counselling in 38 European countries, and to examine how well they intersect the ideals of genetic counselling defined in international guidelines. Using an electronic survey, representatives of the National Societies of Human Genetics in 29 countries, and appropriate contact persons for the field of genetic counselling in 9 other countries, were asked about the regulations and practices. The answers showed that consent, confidentiality, genetic counselling in the context of prenatal diagnosis, those professionals who may perform genetic counselling, and non-directiveness were the topics most often either agreed upon among professionals or regulated in those countries. These are also among the key aspects of ideal genetic counselling, based on international guidelines. Counselling in the context of susceptibility testing for multifactorial diseases, counselling people from ethnic minorities and recontacting the counsellees, on the contrary, were topics regulated or guided by generally applied practices in only few countries. Many of the answers expressed a desire for more regulation of genetic counselling, and that more uniform practices of education and organization of genetic counselling would be welcome in Europe.://000259502200011wRantanen, Elina Hietala, Marja Kristoffersson, Ulf Nippert, Irmgard Schmidtke, Jorg Sequeiros, Jorge Kaariainen, Helena 1018-4813ISI:0002595022000114.00310.1|?>PSaaksjarvi, K. Knekt, P. Rissanen, H. Laaksonen, M. A. Reunanen, A. Mannisto, S.2008GProspective study of coffee consumption and risk of Parkinson's disease908-915&European Journal of Clinical Nutrition627ArticleJul>Objective: To examine the prediction of coffee consumption on the incidence of Parkinson's disease. Subjects and methods: The study population comprised 6710 men and women, aged 50-79 years and free from Parkinson's disease at the baseline. At baseline, enquiries were made about coffee consumption in a self-administered questionnaire as the average number of cups per day. During a 22-year follow-up, 101 incident cases of Parkinson's disease occurred. Parkinson's disease cases were identified through a nationwide registry of patients receiving medication reimbursement, which is based on certificates from neurologist. Results: After adjustments for age, sex, marital status, education, community density, alcohol consumption, leisure-time physical activity, smoking, body mass index, hypertension and serum cholesterol, the relative risk for subjects drinking 10 or more cups of coffee per day compared with non-drinkers was 0.26 (95% confidence interval 0.07-0.99, P-value for trend 0.18). The association was stronger among overweight persons and among persons with lower serum cholesterol level (P-value for interaction=0.04 and 0.03, respectively). Conclusions: The results support the hypothesis that coffee consumption reduces the risk of Parkinson's disease, but protective effect of coffee may vary by exposure to other factors.://000257268600012PSaaksjarvi, K. Knekt, P. Rissanen, H. Laaksonen, M. A. Reunanen, A. Mannisto, S. 0954-3007ISI:0002572686000122.32610.1038>|??Grisoni, M. L. Proust, C. Alanne, M. DeSuremain, M. Salomaa, V. Kuulasmaa, K. Cambien, F. Nicaud, V. Stegmayr, B. Virtamo, J. Shields, D. Kee, F. Tiret, L. Evans, A. Tregouet, D. A.2008{Haplotypic analysis of tag SNPs of the interleukin-18 gene in relation to cardiovascular disease events: the MORGAM Project 1512-1520"European Journal of Human Genetics1612ArticleDecLInterleukin-18 (IL-18) is a key inflammatory molecule suspected of being involved in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) capturing the common genetic variation of the IL-18 gene (tag SNPs) were genotyped in five European prospective CVD cohorts including 1933 cases and 1938 non-cases as part of the MORGAM Project. Not a single SNP was found associated with CVD. However, a significant (P = 0.002) gene-smoking interaction was observed. In smokers, the - 105T allele was more frequent in cases than in non-cases (0.29 vs 0.25) and associated with an increased risk of disease (odds ratio (OR) = 1.25 (1.07-1.45), P = 0.005), whereas the inverse relationship tended to be observed in non-smokers (OR = 0.90 (0.78-1.02), P = 0.131). The gene-smoking interaction was broadly homogenous across the cohorts and was also observed through haplotype analyses. In conclusion, using the concerted effort of several European prospective CVD cohorts, we are able to show that one IL-18 tag SNP interacts with smoking to modulate the risk of developing CVD.://000261108600012Grisoni, Marie-Lise Proust, Carole Alanne, Mervi DeSuremain, Maylis Salomaa, Veikko Kuulasmaa, Kari Cambien, Francois Nicaud, Viviane Stegmayr, Birgitta Virtamo, Jarmo Shields, Denis Kee, Frank Tiret, Laurence Evans, Alun Tregouet, David-Alexandre 1018-4813ISI:0002611086000124.00310.1038/ejhg.2008.127o1h|?=TRoos, E. Talala, K. Laaksonen, M. Helakorpi, S. Rahkonen, O. Uutela, A. Prattala, R.2008MTrends of socioeconomic differences in daily vegetable consumption, 1979-2002823-833&European Journal of Clinical Nutrition627ArticleJulBackground: Studies from different time periods have shown that consumption of vegetables is more common in higher socioeconomic groups and among women. However, there are only few studies of changes of socioeconomic differences in vegetable consumption over time. Our aim was to determine whether socioeconomic differences, measured by educational level and household income, in daily vegetable consumption have increased, decreased or been stable over the last two decades among Finnish men and women. Methods: Data on daily consumption of fresh vegetables were derived from repeated annual cross-sectional surveys performed among representative samples of Finnish working aged ( 15-64 years) population. Data from the years 1979-2002 were linked with data on education and household income from Statistics Finland. Those under 25 years and all students were excluded, giving a total of 69 383 respondents. The main analyses were conducted with logistic regression. Results: Daily consumption of fresh vegetables became overall more prevalent during the study period. Daily consumption of fresh vegetables was more common among those with higher education and higher income during the whole study period. Both educational level and household income differences in daily vegetable consumption slightly narrowed since 1979 among men and women. Conclusions: Women with high socioeconomic position have been initial trend setters, but the prevalence of daily consumers of vegetables in these groups has not increased since the early 1990s. The prevalence of daily consumption of fresh vegetables has increased more in lower educational and income groups during the 1980s and 1990s along with narrowing socioeconomic differences.://000257268600001TRoos, E. Talala, K. Laaksonen, M. Helakorpi, S. Rahkonen, O. Uutela, A. Prattala, R. 0954-3007ISI:0002572686000012.32610.10|?<KSombrero, L. Nissinen, A. Esparar, G. Lindgren, M. Siira, L. Virolainen, A.2008Low incidence of antibiotic resistance among invasive and nasopharyngeal isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae from children in rural Philippines between 1994 and 2000929-935?European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases2710Proceedings PaperOctThe purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of acquired antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from nasopharyngeal swabs and blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens of 3,028 children hospitalized with signs or symptoms of pneumonia, sepsis, or meningitis in rural Philippines between 1994 and 2000. Pneumococci were identified using standard methods, serotyped, and their susceptibility to oxacillin, erythromycin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was determined using the disk diffusion method. Penicillin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the oxacillin-resistant isolates were further tested. The clonality of the penicillin-nonsusceptible (PNSP) isolates was analyzed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). Altogether 1,048 isolates were analyzed, of which 35 were invasive and 1,013 nasopharyngeal isolates. None was resistant, but 22 (2.1%) were intermediately resistant to penicillin, 4 (0.2%) were resistant to chloramphenicol, 3 (0.2%) to erythromycin, 39 (3.7%) to tetracycline, and 4 (0.2%) to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Twelve of the 22 PNSP isolates were of serotype 14 and of sequence type 63. These included the two invasive PNSP isolates. PFGE profiling further identified three separate clusters among the sequence of type 63, serotype 14 (ST63(14)) isolates. Antimicrobial resistance in both invasive and nasopharyngeal pneumococcal pediatric isolates in rural Philippines is rare. In spite of this remote setting, the PNSP isolates of the serotype 14 clusters were of ST63 type, which has been described previously on other continents.://000259817000006KSombrero, L. Nissinen, A. Esparar, G. Lindgren, M. Siira, L. Virolainen, A. 0934-9723ISI:0002598170000062.30910.1007<|?;4Mikoluc, B. Kayhty, H. Bernatowska, E. Motkowski, R.2008VImmune response to the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in 30 asplenic children923-928?European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases2710ArticleOct$The aim of the study was to determine the concentration of pneumococcal antibodies after a dose of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in 30 asplenic children between 4 months and 19 years of age. Fifteen children had received pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV) approximately 5 years prior to vaccination with PCV7. The antibody concentrations against serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F were measured by ELISA before and after the PCV7 vaccination. Before vaccination with PCV7, the antibody concentrations were similar in children who had or had not received PPV previously. A dose of PCV7 stimulated a good immune response in asplenic patients. Prior immunization with PPV did not affect the antibody concentration after the vaccination with PCV7. In conclusion, asplenic children vaccinated with PPV may need revaccination with PPV earlier than the recommended 3-5 years after the first dose. PCV7 induces a satisfactory immune response in asplenic patients and should be considered as an alternative vaccine in that patient group.://0002598170000054Mikoluc, B. Kayhty, H. Bernatowska, E. Motkowski, R. 0934-9723ISI:0002598170000052.30910.1007/x|?:6Blomgren, J. Martikainen, P. Martelin, T. Koskinen, S.2008TDeterminants of home-based formal help in community-dwelling older people in Finland335-347European Journal of Ageing54Proceedings PaperDecKnowledge of the determinants of use of formal home-based services among older people is of particular importance for predicting the need for and cost of care in the future. The aim of this study was to estimate the frequency of formal and informal help among community-dwelling older people and to assess the determinants of home-based formal help, with a special emphasis on the frequency of help from spouse, from children and other relatives and friends. We used nationally representative cross-sectional data from 1,166 community-dwelling Finnish persons aged 70-99. Determinants of formal help were assessed with logistic regression models. Receiving formal help was most strongly related to need factors such as age and functional capacity. Adjusted for need factors, receiving help from spouse or living with someone else than the spouse decreased the odds of receiving formal help. In contrast, the more frequently the children helped, the larger were the odds of receiving formal home-based help. Help from other informal sources did not affect receipt of formal help. Our results thus suggest that intra-household help from spouse or from other co-residents may partly offset expected cost increases in the formal care sector brought about by an aging population. The results further suggest that help from children and help from formal sources is likely to be concomitant and that children may act as agents seeking formal help also in a welfare state based on the universal and equal care services.://000260837200007BBlomgren, Jenni Martikainen, Pekka Martelin, Tuija Koskinen, Seppo 1613-9372ISI:00026083720000710.1007/s10433-008-0094-4|?8@Skogberg, K. Lyytikainen, O. Ruutu, P. Ollgren, J. Nuorti, J. P.20088Increase in bloodstream infections in Finland, 1995-2002108-114Epidemiology and Infection1361ArticleJanNA national, population-based laboratory Surveillance of bloodstream infections (BSI) in Finland was performed. Blood-culturing rates were determined from data from clinical microbiology laboratories and trends in rates were evaluated using Poisson regression. During 1995-2002, 51 510 cases of BSI were notified, the annual incidence increased from 104 to 145 cases/100 000 (40%). Rates increased in all age groups but persons aged >= 75 years accounted for 28% of cases and showed the largest rate increase. Escherichia coli, coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae accounted for 58% of isolates and their relative proportions were unchanged over time. The annual blood-culturing rate increased by one-third during the study period but the number of BSI detected per blood cultures remained unchanged. Regional BSI incidence was significantly associated with blood-culturing rates. We conclude that the increase in BSI rates may have been due to more frequent blood culturing but was not associated with changes in the reporting system or aetiology of BSI.://000259198200012@Skogberg, K. Lyytikainen, O. Ruutu, P. Ollgren, J. Nuorti, J. P. 0950-2688ISI:0002591982000121.90010.1017/s|?9ALavikainen, H. Ahlstrom, S. Metso, L. Nevalainen, J. Lintonen, T.2008pRelationship between negative experiences and drinking experience among 15-to 16-year-old adolescents in Finland169-178European Addiction Research143ArticleAims: To assess the relationship between negative experiences and frequency of alcohol drinking and drunkenness among 15- to 16-year-old adolescents in Finland. Methods: A school-based survey as part of the European School Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) conducted in Finland in 2003. Nationally representative sample of Finnish adolescents, aged 15-16 (n = 3,321). Response rate 92%. Negative experiences, alcohol use and drunkenness were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between negative experiences and drinking experience. Results: Prevalence of negative experiences increased with increased frequency of drinking and drunkenness. Certain harms (troubles with the police, engaging in regretted and unprotected sexual intercourse) were experienced primarily with frequent drinking and drunkenness (1 20 occasions). Logistic regression analysis indicated that only the drunkenness-related drinking style was significantly related to troubles with the police and engaging in sexual intercourse regretted the next day. Conclusions: While under-aged youths experience many problems in relationship to their alcohol use, certain problems are highly associated with frequent and heavy drinking, especially with drunkenness-related drinking style. These findings should be acknowledged when implementing effective alcohol education and alcohol-related policies to reduce under-aged alcohol use and related harms. Copyright (C) 2008 S. Karger AG, Basel.://000257516200008PLavikainen, Hanna Ahlstrom, Salme Metso, Leena Nevalainen, Jaakko Lintonen, Tomi 1022-6877ISI:00025751620000810.1159/000130421SC|?7Mossong, J. Hens, N. Friederichs, V. Davidkin, I. Broman, M. Litwinska, B. Siennicka, J. Trzcinska, A. Van Damme, P. Beutels, P. Vyse, A. Shkedy, Z. Aerts, M. Massari, M. Gabutti, G.2008xParvovirus B19 infection in five European countries: seroepidemiology, force of infection and maternal risk of infection 1059-1068Epidemiology and Infection1368ArticleAugWe conducted a seroprevalence survey in Belgium, Finland, England & Wales, Italy and Poland on 13 449 serum samples broadly representative in terms of geography and age. Samples were tested for the presence of immunoglobulin G antibody using an enzyme immunoassay. The age-specific risk of infection was estimated using parametric and non-parametric statistical modelling. The age-specific risk in all five countries was highest in children aged 7-9 years and lower in adults. The average proportion of women of child-bearing age susceptible to parvovirus B19 infection and the risk of a pregnant women acquiring B19 infection during pregnancy was estimated to be 26 % and 0.61 % in Belgium, 38 % and 0.69 % in England & Wales, 43.5 % and 1.24 % in Finland, 39.9% and 0.92 % in Italy and 36.8 % and 1.58 % in Poland, respectively. Our study indicates substantial epidemiological differences in Europe regarding parvovirus B19 Infection.://000259748200006Mossong, J. Hens, N. Friederichs, V. Davidkin, I. Broman, M. Litwinska, B. Siennicka, J. Trzcinska, A. Van Damme, P. Beutels, P. Vyse, A. Shkedy, Z. Aerts, M. Massari, M. Gabutti, G. 0950-2688ISI:0002597482000061.90010.1017/sL;(|?6-Louekari, K. Makela-Kurtto, R. Jousilahti, P.2008^Health Risks Associated with Predicted Increase of Cadmium in Cultivated Soils and in the Diet517-525#Environmental Modeling & Assessment134ArticleNovWe have assessed the change of the dietary intake and the potential health risks of cadmium in Finland, assuming that a high level of cadmium in fertilizers (138 mg Cd/kg P) would prevail for the next 100 years. Soil measurements and modelling were used to derive the predicted level of cadmium in foods. In three important cultivars, wheat, potato and sugar beet, the cadmium concentration would increase by 20-35%. Consequently, the average dietary intake of cadmium in Finland would increase from 7.9 to 10.0 mu g/day, corresponding with the urinary level of about 0.2 mu g/l, a level that has not been associated with effects on the human health. However, in the risk group with 1) high dietary intake of cadmium, 2) elevated gastrointestinal absorption, and 3) tobacco smoking, the estimated urinary level of cadmium would be 2.0 mu g/l. Recent epidemiological studies have shown that urinary level of 1-2 mu g Cd/l is associated with an increased risk of bone demineralization and fractures, and 2-4 mu g Cd/l with pre-clinical kidney damage. People characterized by more than one of the above-mentioned risks factors, may develop the adverse health effects at an old age, when cadmium has accumulated in the body.://0002602631000060Louekari, Kimmo Makela-Kurtto, R. Jousilahti, P. 1420-2026ISI:0002602631000061.27910.1007/w\P|?5IVarhimo, E. Savijoki, K. Jefremoff, H. Jalava, J. Sukura, A. Varmanen, P.2008fCiprofloxacin induces mutagenesis to antibiotic resistance independent of UmuC in Streptococcus uberis 2179-2183Environmental Microbiology108ArticleAugStreptococcus uberis is an environmental bovine mastitis pathogen capable of UV-inducible SOS mutagenesis. Bacterial SOS systems can be induced by several chemicals including also antibiotics used in clinical practice. Here, we have studied the effect of ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic and known inducer of SOS, on mutations leading to antibiotic resistance in S. uberis. Mutation frequencies and spectra were compared in a wild-type S. uberis strain and its Delta umuC derivative. The results revealed that concentrations of ciprofloxacin corresponding to 0.3-0.5x minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) induce mutagenesis independent of UmuC. Partial sequencing of the rpoB gene of individual rifampin-resistant clones from wild-type and Delta umuC strains revealed a similar but complex pattern of point mutations including transitions, transversions and deletions/insertions. It was previously shown that UV induces mainly transition-type mutations and UmuC is essential for the process. Thus, the results presented here demonstrate that S. uberis employs distinct mechanisms for ciprofloxacin and UV-induced mutagenesis, which is a striking difference to Escherichia coli SOS model.://000257715500024[Varhimo, Emilia Savijoki, Kirsi Jefremoff, Hanna Jalava, Jari Sukura, Antti Varmanen, Pekka 1462-2912ISI:0002577155000244.929 10.1111/j.1462-2P|?4xPakarinen, J. Hyvarinen, A. Salkinoja-Salonen, M. Laitinen, S. Nevalainen, A. Makela, M. J. Haahtela, T. von Hertzen, L.2008\Predominance of Gram-positive bacteria in house dust in the low-allergy risk Russian Karelia 3317-3325Environmental Microbiology1012ArticleDecpSimple living conditions and farming environment have been associated with reduced risk for allergic diseases such as atopy and asthma but the factors responsible for this effect remain unresolved. We examined the bacterial composition of house dusts obtained from Finnish and Russian Karelia, two adjacent areas with high and low occurrence of atopic diseases respectively. Two dust mixes, both composed of 10 randomly selected dust samples from 349 Finnish and 417 Russian Karelian households were studied for bacterial biomarkers (DNA, Limulus-active endotoxin, 3-OH fatty acids, muramic acid) and for 16S rRNA gene sequences. Overall, the DNA cloning revealed more taxons (94 different genera) of dustborne bacteria than seen in any previous study on residential environments. Majority (67%) of the bacterial DNA clones in house dust from the low-allergy Russian Kareliarepresented Gram-positive bacteria (Firmicutes and Actinobacteria), predominantly Staphylococcaceae and Corynebacteriaceae. Russian Karelian dust showed up to 20-fold higher contents of muramic acid (marker of Gram-positive bacteria) and a sevenfold higher number of clones of animal-associated species, whereas in Finnish Karelian dust Gram-negatives (mainly Proteobacteria) predominated. Clones of plant-associated bacterial species and of chloroplast, indicating plant biomass, were more numerous in Finnish than in Russian Karelian dust. In conclusion, this study revealed major disparities between Finnish and Russian house dusts. The higher bacterial content and the predominance of Gram-positive bacteria in Russian dust may have implications for occurrence of atopy.://000260744800013Pakarinen, Jaakko Hyvarinen, Anne Salkinoja-Salonen, Mirja Laitinen, Sirpa Nevalainen, Aino Makela, Mika J. Haahtela, Tari von Hertzen, Leena 1462-2912ISI:0002607448000134.929 10.1111/j.1462-2|?3Gehring, U. Spithoven, J. Schmid, S. Bitter, S. Braun-Fahrlander, C. Dalphin, J. C. Hyvarinen, A. Pekkanen, J. Riedler, J. Weiland, S. K. Buchele, G. von Mutius, E. Vuitton, D. A. Brunekreef, B.2008`Endotoxin levels in cow's milk samples from farming and non-farming families - The PASTURE study 1132-1136Environment International348ArticleNovBackground: Children from farming families have less allergies than their peers. Consumption of farm milk or unpasteurized milk has been shown to explain (part of) the farming effect or protect against allergies independent of farming status. Objectives: We investigated whether the protective effect of farm milk consumption can be explained by higher levels of bacterial endotoxin in milk. Methods: We measured endotoxin in approximately 400 farm milk and shop milk samples from farming and non-farming families, respectively, with the kinetic chromogenic Limulus Amebocyte Lysate test and compared endotoxin levels between groups defined by farming status and type of milk (farm milk/shop milk). Results: Endotoxin levels were significantly higher in milk samples from non-farming families compared to farming families [adjusted geometric means ratio (95% confidence interval)=2.61 (1.53-4.43)]. No significant difference in endotoxin levels was found between shop milk and farm milk samples [adjusted geometric means ratio (95% confidence interval)=1.56 (0.94-2.58)]. The difference between farming and non-farming families could be explained completely for farm milk and partially for shop milk by storage conditions and temperature during transportation to the fieldworker's home. Conclusion: The farming effect and the effect of farm milk consumption cannot be explained by higher levels of endotoxin in milk from farmers and farm milk, respectively.://000260368500008Gehring, Ulrike Spithoven, Jack Schmid, Susanne Bitter, Sondhia Braun-Fahrlaender, Charlotte Dalphin, Jean-Charles Hyvarinen, Anne Pekkanen, Juha Riedler, Josef Weiland, Stephan K. Buechele, Gisela von Mutius, Erika Vuitton, Dominique A. Brunekreef, Bert 0160-4120ISI:0002603685000082.79710.1016/j.envint.2008.04.003$1D|?22Romberg, A. Ruutiainen, J. Puukka, P. Poikkeus, L.2008FFatigue in multiple sclerosis patients during inpatient rehabilitation 1480-1485Disability and Rehabilitation3019ArticlePurpose. This study was designed to evaluate symptomatic fatigue in patients with mild to moderate multiple sclerosis (MS) during inpatient rehabilitation. We examined fatigue at the beginning and at the end of a 3-week rehabilitation period as well as its daily variation. Method. Ninety-one patients participated. Fatigue severity was measured using the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS). On the basis of the FSS scores, patients were divided into a fatigue (n=66) and non-fatigue (n=25) group. General fatigue was self-evaluated using a Visual Analogue Scale (FVAS). Depression was measured using The Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D). Results. In the fatigue group the mean FSS score decreased by 0.34 points, whereas in the non-fatigue group it increased by 0.23 points. The difference for change between groups was significant (p=0.003), but a covariate analysis showed that this was strongly affected by a decrease in depression. Fatigue varied greatly from day-to-day. The lowest FVAS coefficient of variation per patient was 9% and the highest 131%. Conclusion. Inpatient rehabilitation decreases MS patients' fatigue. This effect seems to be modified by an improvement in mood.://0002600709000092Romberg, A. Ruutiainen, J. Puukka, P. Poikkeus, L. 0963-8288ISI:0002600709000091.41410.1080/|?1Leslie, R. D. G. Kolb, H. Schloot, N. C. Buzzetti, R. Mauricio, D. De Leiva, A. Yderstraede, K. Sarti, C. Thivolet, C. Hadden, D. Ter, S. Schernthaner, G. Scherbaum, W. Williams, R. Pozzilli, P.2008CDiabetes classification: grey zones, sound and smoke: Action LADA 1511-519(Diabetes-Metabolism Research and Reviews247ReviewOctADiseases gain identity from clinical phenotype as well as genetic and environmental aetiology. The definition of type 1 diabetes is clinically exclusive, comprising patients who are considered insulin dependent at diagnosis, whilst the definition of type 2 diabetes is inclusive, only excluding those who are initially insulin dependent. Ketosis-prone diabetes (KPD) and latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) are each exclusive forms of diabetes which are, at least initially, clinically distinct from type 2 diabetes and type 1 diabetes, and each have a different natural history from these major types of diabetes. KPD can be diagnosed unequivocally as diabetes presenting with the categorical clinical feature, ketoacidosis. in contrast, LADA can be diagnosed by the co-occurrence of three traits, not one of which is categorical or exclusive to the condition: adult-onset non-insulin-requiring diabetes, an islet autoantibody such as glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibodies (GADA) or cytoplasmic islet cell autoantibodies (ICA), and no need for insulin treatment for several months post-diagnosis. But while some would split diabetes into distinct subtypes, there is a strong case that these subtypes form a continuum of varying severity of immune and metabolic dysfunction modified by genetic and non-genetic factors. This article discusses the nature of disease classification in general, and KPD and LADA in particular, emphasizing the potential value and pitfalls in classifying diabetes and suggesting a need for more research in this area. Copyright (c) 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.://000260371700001Leslie, R. D. G. Kolb, H. Schloot, N. C. Buzzetti, R. Mauricio, D. De Leiva, A. Yderstraede, K. Sarti, C. Thivolet, C. Hadden, D. Hunter, S. Schernthaner, G. Scherbaum, W. Williams, R. Pozzilli, P. 1520-7552ISI:0002603717000013.087y|?0=Khalangot, M. Tronko, M. Kravchenko, V. Kulchinska, J. Hu, G.2008The joint effects of different types of glucose-lowering treatment and duration of diabetes on total and cardiovascular mortality among subjects with type 2 diabetes139-147'Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice821ArticleOctpObjective: To compare the joint effects of different types of glucose-lowering treatment (oral drugs, insulin, and both) and duration of diabetes on total and cardiovascular mortality among diabetic patients. Methods: Study cohorts included 30,534 Ukrainian males and 58,909 females with type 2 diabetes. During the. mean follow-up of 2.7 years, 7804 deaths were recorded. Results: The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for total mortality among diabetic patients, who used oral glucose-lowering drug (OGLD) only, insulin only, both insulin and OGLD, were 1.00, 2.34, and 2.22 in men, and 1.00, 2.12, and 2.20 in women, respectively. The multivariate-adjusted HRs for total mortality across categories of duration of diabetes (<5, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19, and >20 years) were 1.00, 1.17, 1.32, 1.43, and 1.57 (P-trend < 0.001) in men, and 1.00, 1.13, 1.34, 1.74, and 1.68 (P-trend < 0.001) in women, respectively. Diabetic patients who used insulin and reported longer duration of diabetes had the highest risk of total mortality. Conclusion: Type 2 diabetic patients treated with insulin show a greater risk of death than those treated with OGLD only. Increasing duration of diabetes is associated with an increased death risk. The combination of insulin treatment and longer duration of diabetes identifies a particular high death risk. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.://000260664300020RKhalangot, Mykola Tronko, Mykola Kravchenko, Victor Kulchinska, Jaroslava Hu, Gang 0168-8227ISI:0002606643000201.82310.1016/j.diabres.2008.07.002U|?/Karjalainen, J. Peltonen, M. Vanhala, M. Korpi-Hyovalti, E. Puolijoki, H. Saltevo, J. Oksa, H. Saaristo, T. Tuomilehto, J. Kujala, U. M.2008Leisure time physical activity in individuals with screen-detected type 2 diabetes compared to those with known type 2 diabetes110-116'Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice811ArticleJulAims: To investigate whether leisure time physical activity (LTPA) characteristics differ between individuals with previously undiagnosed (screen-detected) and those with previously diagnosed (known) type 2 diabetes. Methods: A population-based random sample of 1364 (participation rate 61%) men and 1461 (65%) women aged 45-74 years participated in a cross-sectional health examination including an oral glucose tolerance test and physical activity assessment by a self-administered questionnaire. Results: Women with screen-detected type 2 diabetes (n = 110) were physically less active than those with known type 2 diabetes (n = 68) with differences in the duration of physical activity sessions (multivariate-adjusted P = 0.041) and the number of moderate to high intensity exercise sessions per week (multivariate-adjusted P = 0.007). In men no differences in LTPA were observed between individuals with screen-detected (n = 126) and with known type 2 diabetes (n = 109). Conclusions: This study supplies indirect evidence that in women, but not in men, with diagnosed type 2 diabetes exercise counselling or other treatment related factors produces the desired increase in LTPA. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.://000257567000019Karjalainen, Jaana Peltonen, Markku Vanhala, Mauno Korpi-Hyovalti, Eeva Puolijoki, Hannu Saltevo, Juha Oksa, Heikki Saaristo, Timo Tuomilehto, Jaakko Kujala, Urho M. 0168-8227ISI:0002575670000191.82310.1016/j.diabres.2008.03.006wgw|?.#Vaarala, O. Atkinson, M. A. Neu, J.2008The "perfect storm" for type 1 diabetes - the complex interplay between intestinal microbiota, gut permeability, and mucosal immunity 2555-2562Diabetes5710ArticleOctIt is often stated that type 1 diabetes results from a complex interplay between varying degrees of genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. While agreeing with this principal, our desire is that this Perspectives article will highlight another complex interplay potentially associated with this disease involving facets related to the gut, one where individual factors that, upon their interaction with each another, form a "perfect storm" critical to the development of type 1 diabetes. This trio of factors includes an aberrant intestinal microbiota, a "leaky" intestinal mucosal barrier, and altered intestinal immune responsiveness. Studies examining the microecology of the gastrointestinal tract have identified specific microorganisms whose presence appears related (either quantitatively or qualitatively) to disease; in type 1 diabetes, a role for microflora in the pathogenesis of disease has recently been suggested. Increased intestinal permeability has also been observed in animal models of type 1 diabetes as well as in humans with or at increased-risk for the disease. Finally, an altered mucosal immune system has been associated with the disease and is likely a major contributor to the failure to form tolerance, resulting in the autoimmunity that underlies type 1 diabetes. Herein, we discuss the complex interplay between these factors and raise testable hypotheses that form a fertile area for future investigations as to the role of the gut in the pathogenesis and prevention of type 1 diabetes.://000260043800001*Vaarala, Outi Atkinson, Mark A. Neu, Josef 0012-1797ISI:0002600438000018.2611 |?-$Orho-Melander, M. Melander, O. Guiducci, C. Perez-Martinez, P. Corella, D. Roos, C. Tewhey, R. Rieder, M. J. Hall, J. Abecasis, G. Tai, E. S. Welch, C. Arnett, D. K. Lyssenko, V. Lindholm, E. Saxena, R. de Bakker, P. I. W. Burtt, N. Voight, B. F. Hirschhorn, J. N. Tucker, K. L. Hedner, T. Tuomi, T. Isomaa, B. Eriksson, K. F. Taskinen, M. R. Wahlstrand, B. Hughes, T. E. Parnell, L. D. Lai, C. Q. Berglund, G. Peltonen, L. Vartiainen, E. Jousilahti, P. Havulinna, A. S. Salomaa, V. Nilsson, P. Groop, L. Altshuler, D. Ordovas, J. M. Kathiresan, S.2008Common Missense Variant in the Glucokinase Regulatory Protein Gene Is Associated With Increased Plasma Triglyceride and C-Reactive Protein but Lower Fasting Glucose Concentrations 3112-3121Diabetes5711ArticleNovjOBJECTIVE-Using the genome-wide association approach, we recently identified the glucokinase regulatory protein gene (GCKR, rs780094) region as a novel quantitative trait locus for plasma triglyceride concentration in Europeans. Here, we sought to study the association of GCKR variants with metabolic phenotypes, including measures of glucose homeostasis, to evaluate the GCYR locus in samples of non-European ancestry and to fine-map across the associated genomic interval. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-We performed association studies in 12 independent cohorts comprising >45,000 individuals representing several ancestral groups (whites from Northern and Southern Europe, whites from the U.S., African Americans from the U.S., Hispanics of Caribbean origin, and Chinese, Malays, and Asian Indians from Singapore). We conducted genetic fine-mapping across the similar to 417-kb region of linkage disequilibrium. spanning GCKR and 16 other genes on chromosome 2p23 by imputing untyped HapMap single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and genotyping 104 SNPs across the associated genomic interval. RESULTS-We provide comprehensive evidence that GCYR rs780094 is associated with opposite effects on fasting plasma triglyceride (P-meta = 3 x 10(-56)) and glucose (P-meta = 1 x 10(-13)) concentrations. In addition, we confirmed recent reports that the same SNP is associated with C-reactive protein (CRP) level (P = 5 x 10(-5)). Both fine-mapping approaches revealed a common missense GCKR variant (rs1260326, Pro446Leu, 34% frequency, r(2) = 0.93 with rs780094) as the strongest association signal in the region. CONCLUSIONS-These findings point to a molecular mechanism in humans by which higher triglycerides and CRP can be coupled with lower plasma glucose concentrations and position GCKR in central pathways regulating both hepatic triglyceride and glucose metabolism. Diabetes 57:3112-3121, 2008://000260564800032Orho-Melander, Marju Melander, Olle Guiducci, Candace Perez-Martinez, Pablo Corella, Dolores Roos, Charlotta Tewhey, Ryan Rieder, Mark J. Hall, Jennifer Abecasis, Goncalo Tai, E. Shyong Welch, Cullan Arnett, Donna K. Lyssenko, Valeriya Lindholm, Eero Saxena, Richa de Bakker, Paul I. W. Burtt, Noel Voight, Benjamin F. Hirschhorn, Joel N. Tucker, Katherine L. Hedner, Thomas Tuomi, Tiinaimaija Isomaa, Bo Eriksson, Karl-Fredrik Taskinen, Marja-Riitta Wahlstrand, Bjoern Hughes, Thomas E. Parnell, Laurence D. Lai, Chao-Qiang Berglund, Goran Peltonen, Leena Vartiainen, Erkki Jousilahti, Pekka Havulinna, Aki S. Salomaa, Veikko Nilsson, Peter Groop, Leif Altshuler, David Ordovas, Jose M. Kathiresan, Sekar 0012-1797ISI:0002605648000328.2611 |?,(Gaulton, K. J. Willer, C. J. Li, Y. Scott, L. J. Conneely, K. N. Jackson, A. U. Duren, W. L. Chines, P. S. Narisu, N. Bonnycastle, L. L. Luo, J. C. Tong, M. Sprau, A. G. Pugh, E. W. Doheny, K. F. Valle, T. T. Abecasis, G. R. Tuomilehto, J. Bergman, R. N. Collins, F. S. Boehnke, M. Mohlkel, K. L.2008kComprehensive Association Study of Type 2 Diabetes and Related Quantitative Traits With 222 Candidate Genes 3136-3144Diabetes5711ArticleNovOBJECTIVE-Type 2 diabetes is a common complex disorder with environmental and genetic components. We used a candidate gene-based approach to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants in 222 candidate genes that influence susceptibility to type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-In a case-control study of 1,161 type 2 diabetic subjects and 1,174 control Finns who are normal glucose tolerant, we genotyped 3,531 tagSNPs and annotation-based SNPs and imputed an additional 7,498 SNPs, providing 99.9% coverage of common HapMap variants in the 222 candidate genes. Selected SNPs were genotyped in an additional 1,211 type 2 diabetic case subjects and 1,259 control subjects who are normal glucose tolerant, also from Finland. RESULTS-Using SNP- and gene-based analysis methods, we replicated previously reported SNP-type 2 diabetes associations in PPARG, KCNJ11, and SLC2A2; identified significant SNPs in genes with previously reported associations (ENPP1 [rs2021966, P = 0.00026] and NRF1 [rs1882095, P = 0.00096]); and implicated novel genes, including RAPGEF1 (rs4740283, P = 0.00013) and TP53 (rs1042522, Arg72Pro, P = 0.00086), in type 2 diabetes susceptibility. CONCLUSIONS-Our study provides an effective gene-based approach to association study design and analysis. One or more of the newly implicated genes may contribute to type 2 diabetes pathogenesis. Analysis of additional samples will be necessary to determine their effect on susceptibility. Diabetes 57:31363144,2008://000260564800035|Gaulton, Kyle J. Willer, Cristen J. Li, Yun Scott, Laura J. Conneely, Karen N. Jackson, Anne U. Duren, William L. Chines, Peter S. Narisu, Narisu Bonnycastle, Lori L. Luo, Jingchun Tong, Maurine Sprau, Andrew G. Pugh, Elizabeth W. Doheny, Kimberly F. Valle, Timo T. Abecasis, Goncalo R. Tuomilehto, Jaakko Bergman, Richard N. Collins, Francis S. Boehnke, Michael Mohlkel, Karen L. 0012-1797ISI:0002605648000358.26110.2337/db07-1731w|?+ Vaarala, O.2008Leaking gut in type 1 diabetes701-706#Current Opinion in Gastroenterology246ArticleNovPurpose of review Several studies have indicated that children with type 1 diabetes show altered intestinal immune system and, in particular, increased small intestinal permeability. This review discusses the recent research linking the gut and type 1 diabetes, which may reveal novel pathogenic pathways and new possibilities for disease prevention. Recent findings Recent studies indicate that not only patients with manifest type 1 diabetes show increased small intestinal permeability and high serum levels of zonulin, that is protein controlling epithelial tight junctions, but prediabetic, normoglycemic individuals with cell autoimmunity show signs of leaking gut. Also studies in BioBreeding-rat model of autoimmune diabetes suggest that high permeability of the intestine precedes autoimmune diabetes, The enteropathy characterized by increased intestinal permeability and inflammation seems to be the basis for the development of beta-cell destruction, as for example zonulin agonist, which decreases the gut permeability, prevents the development of diabetes. Summary The leaking gut syndrome with subclinical inflammation is associated with P-cell autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. Furthermore, treatment of the leakiness has been reported to modulate development of autoimmune diabetes in animal models suggesting that intestinal environment plays a key role in the destruction of insulin-producing beta-cells in the pancreas.://000261013800009 Vaarala, Outi 0267-1379ISI:0002610138000093.27110.1097/MO|?) Kajantie, E.2008JPhysiological Stress Response, Estrogen, and the Male-Female Mortality Gap348-352+Current Directions in Psychological Science175ArticleOctWhether one is male or female is one of the most important predictors of how long one is likely to live and what diseases one is likely to encounter. Researchers have long been puzzled by the mechanisms that could underlie such profound sex differences. Recent findings suggest a key role is played by physiological stress responses-how men and women respond differently to psychosocial stressors in everyday life. This review focuses on two important physiological stress systems: the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (which regulates the stress hormone cortisol) and the autonomic nervous system. The general pattern is that between puberty and menopause, the responses of these systems to experimental psychosocial stress are lower in females, and their changes with menopause, estrogen administration, and pregnancy have suggested that estrogen plays a key role in regulating stress responsiveness. This review presents a hypothesis that mechanisms that regulate these sex differences have been driven by evolutionary pressures to transform information about prevailing environmental conditions to the fetus, through maternal stress, to adjust its development to circumstances it will encounter in extrauterine life.://000260117100011Kajantie, Eero 0963-7214ISI:0002601171000112.750k|?*Qi, L. Hu, F. B. Hu, G.2008yGenes, environment, and interactions in prevention of type 2 diabetes: A focus on physical activity and lifestyle changes519-532Current Molecular Medicine86ReviewSepType 2 diabetes is one of the fastest growing public health problems worldwide. Both environmental (e.g. physical activity, obesity, and diet) and genetic factors are involved in the development of type 2 diabetes. The associations between physical activity and diabetes risk have been assessed by a number of prospective studies and clinical trials. The results from these studies consistently indicate that the regular physical activity during occupation, commuting, leisure time or daily life reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes by 15-60%; and lifestyle intervention, including counselling for physical activity, nutrition, and body weight, can reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes by 40-60% among adults with impaired glucose tolerance and by about 20% among general individuals. In the past decade, studies using traditional linkage analysis and candidate-gene association approach have found dozens of genes harboring common variants that were related to the common-form type 2 diabetes. However, most reported associations are lack of reproducibility, except TCF7L2, PPARG, CAPN10, and KCNJ11. Since 2007, seven genome-wide association (GWA) studies emerged to generate a list of new diabetes genes. The genetic effects are largely of moderate size. These findings provide novel insight into the diabetes etiology and pave new avenue for predicting the disease risk using genetic information. In addition, data especially those from intervention trials display preliminary but promising evidence that the genetic variants might interact with physical activity in predisposing to type 2 diabetes. The gene-environment interactions merit extensive exploration in large, prospective studies.://000259446600008Qi, Lu Hu, Frank B. Hu, Gang 1566-5240ISI:0002594|?(Lehtimaki, T. Hutri-Kahonen, N. Kahonen, M. Hemminki, J. Mikkila, V. Laaksonen, M. Rasanen, L. Mononen, N. Juonala, M. Marniemi, J. Viikari, J. Raitakari, O.2008Adult-type hypolactasia is not a predisposing factor for the early functional and structural changes of atherosclerosis: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study265-271Clinical Science1159-10ArticleNov.Individuals suffering from ATH (adult-type hypolactasia), defined by the LCT (gene encoding lactase-phlorizin hydrolase) C/C_(13910) genotype (rs4988235), use less milk and dairy products and may have higher plasma HDL (high-density lipoprotein) and lower triacylglycerol (triglyceride) concentrations than their counterparts without ATH. To investigate the effects of ATH status on the early markers of atherosclerosis, we examined its association with CIMT (carotid intima-media thickness), CAC (carotid artery compliance) and brachial artery FMD (flow-mediated dilation) in a young population-based cohort of otherwise healthy individuals. As part of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, we performed CIMT, CAC and FMD analyses, LCT C/T_(13910) genotyping and risk factor determination in 2 109 young subjects 24-39 years of age (45% males) at the time of the examination. The consumption of both milk and dairy products was lowest and the consumption of alcohol highest in subjects with the C/C_(13910) genotype (P < 0.001 for all) in comparison with subjects without ATH (TT + CT). In multivariate analysis, no significant association between ATH status and CIMT, CAC or brachial artery FMD was found after adjustment for the use of alcohol, dairy products and all other major risk factors of coronary artery disease. In otherwise similar statistical analysis, the results remained non-significant when females and males were analysed in their own groups. In conclusion, the finding does not support the involvement of ATH in the pathogenesis of early atherosclerosis.://000260895000001Lehtimaki, Terho Hutri-Kahonen, Nina Kahonen, Mika Hemminki, Jukka Mikkila, Vera Laaksonen, Marika Raesaenen, Leena Mononen, Nina Juonala, Markus Marniemi, Jukka Viikari, Jorma Raitakari, Olli 0143-5221ISI:0002608950000013.90010.1042/cs20070360 |?'Kuipers, J. G. Sibilia, J. Bas, S. Gaston, H. Granfors, K. Vischer, T. L. Hajjaj-Hassouni, N. Ladjouze-Rezig, A. Sellami, S. Wollenhaupt, J. Zeidler, H. Schumacher, H. R. Dougados, M.2009jReactive and undifferentiated arthritis in North Africa: use of PCR for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis11-16Clinical Rheumatology281ArticleJan2Little is known about the possible role of Chlamydia in patients with reactive or unclassified arthritis in North Africa. This study used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to survey this population. In addition, we compared the results in three different laboratories for PCR analyses for Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) in synovial fluid (SF) and tissue (ST) from these North African patients with reactive arthritis (ReA), undifferentiated arthritis (UA), and in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA). Eight ReA (six posturethritic, two postenteritic), 23 UA, 13 OA, and 12 RA patients were studied in Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia. Serum, SF, and ST were obtained from each patient. Ct-PCR was performed in the three different laboratories and compared to Ct-serology [microimmunofluorescence (MIF) and anti-hsp60 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)] performed in one laboratory. The rate of Ct-PCR positivity in SF/ST was low: none out of the eight ReA and three out of 23 UA patients. In the controls, Ct DNA was detected in two OA SF and in one RA SF. There was no concordance for Ct-PCR positivity between the three laboratories. MIF suggested previous Ct infection (IgG-positive) in two out of five posturethritic ReA, none out of one postenteritic ReA, one out of 17 UA, and nine out of 21 RA/OA patients tested. No MIF-positive patient was PCR-positive from SF or ST. However, anti-hsp60 IgG was detected in all four out of four patients positive by PCR and in 11 out of 44 PCR-negative patients (p=0.002). In this multinational comparative study, the rate of Ct-PCR-positive synovial specimens in North African ReA/UA patients was low. Concordance among the three PCR testing laboratories was poor indicating the need for test standardization. All Ct-PCR-positive patients were found positive by anti-hsp60 IgG serology.://000261185900002Kuipers, J. G. Sibilia, J. Bas, S. Gaston, H. Granfors, K. Vischer, T. L. Hajjaj-Hassouni, N. Ladjouze-Rezig, A. Sellami, S. Wollenhaupt, J. Zeidler, H. Schumacher, H. R. Dougados, M. 0770-3198ISI:0002611859000021.64410.1007/s10067-008-0968-z2|?&1Sarvikivi, E. Lyytikainen, O. Vaara, M. Saxen, H.2008jNosocomial bloodstream infections in children: an 8-year experience at a tertiary-care hospital in Finland 1072-1075#Clinical Microbiology and Infection1411Proceedings PaperNovLaboratory-based surveillance at a Finnish paediatric tertiary-care centre during the period 1999-2006 identified 739 nosocomial bloodstream infections (BSIs) (1.6 BSIs/1000 patient-days). High rates were detected among haematology patients (4.9 BSIs/1000 patient-days) and neonatology patients (3.2 BSIs/1000 patient-days). Most BSIs (95%) were primary infections, and 75% of those were associated with a central line. The most common pathogens were coagulase-negative staphylococci (52%), Staphylococcus aureus (7%) and Candida species (6%). The overall mortality rate within 7 days after the first positive blood culture was 3%. Those who died were more likely to have been admitted to an intensive-care unit or to have undergone surgery.://0002611396000131Sarvikivi, E. Lyytikainen, O. Vaara, M. Saxen, H. 1198-743XISI:0002611396000132.980 10.1111/j.1469-06|?$HIbrahem, S. Salmenlinna, S. Lyytikainen, O. Vaara, M. Vuopio-Varkila, J.2008pMolecular characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis strains from bacteraemic patients 1020-1027#Clinical Microbiology and Infection1411ArticleNovIn order to study the clonality of clinical methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) strains and their staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) elements, 60 isolates of MRSE from bacteraemic patients in three units of the Helsinki University Hospital, Finland were selected, covering the periods 1990-1993 and 1997-1998. The MRSE strains were analysed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing and SCCmec typing. Eleven PFGE types (FIN-SE-1-11) with sequence type ST2 (clonal complex 2; CC2) were identified. The previously established methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus SCCmec criteria were applied to name the MRSE SCCmec complexes, and it was found that 7% of the isolates carried SCCmec type IA (ccrA1, class B), whereas the majority (93%) yielded six non-typeable SCCmec PCR patterns (P1-P6). Within each SCCmec PCR pattern, two ccr recombinase genes (ccrA2 and ccrA3) and two mec gene complexes (class A and class B) were detected. In addition, the ccrC gene was associated with three of the six patterns. In conclusion, the MRSE strains were genetically related to each other (ST2) but their SCCmec complexes were unique combinations of elements previously recognized among SCCmec types III and IV.://000261139600005HIbrahem, S. Salmenlinna, S. Lyytikainen, O. Vaara, M. Vuopio-Varkila, J. 1198-743XISI:0002611396000052.980 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02080.x|?%jLamagni, T. L. Neal, S. Keshishian, C. Hope, V. George, R. Duckworth, G. Vuopio-Varkila, J. Efstratiou, A.2008aEpidemic of severe Streptococcus pyogenes infections in injecting drug users in the UK, 2003-2004 1002-1009#Clinical Microbiology and Infection1411Proceedings PaperNovDuring the late 1990s, increases in referrals to the national reference laboratory of Streptococcus pyogenes isolates from injecting drug users (IDUs) with severe soft tissue infection indicated an emerging problem in the UK, later confirmed during the 2003-2004 European enhanced surveillance (Strep-EURO) programme. In light of these findings, further analyses were undertaken in an attempt to understand the reasons behind this increase in referrals. Single and multivariable analyses were undertaken to compare clinical, microbiological and demographic characteristics of IDUs diagnosed with severe S. pyogenes infection during the 2003-2004 enhanced surveillance study with those of other cases arising during this same period. Temporal and spatial analyses were undertaken for IDUs to identify clustering, as a means of understanding the transmission dynamics underpinning this increase. Infections in IDUs were spread across the UK, with some concentration in northern England and London. IDUs presented with a wide range of clinical manifestations, including pneumonia, which was found to be significantly more common in IDUs (OR 3.00) than in other cases. Marked differences in type distributions were found between IDUs and other cases, in particular the concentration of emm/M83 (22% of IDUs, 2% of non-IDUs). These findings indicate that an epidemic of severe S. pyogenes infections in IDUs occurred in the UK, peaking in 2003. The explanation for this rise remains unclear.://000261139600003jLamagni, T. L. Neal, S. Keshishian, C. Hope, V. George, R. Duckworth, G. Vuopio-Varkila, J. Efstratiou, A. 1198-743XISI:0002611396000032.980 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02076.xC3]p|?#]Vuorela, P. E. Penttinen, M. T. Hietala, M. H. Laine, J. O. Huoponen, K. A. Kaariainen, H. A.2008RA familial CHARGE syndrome with a CHD7 nonsense mutation and new clinical features249-253Clinical Dysmorphology174ArticleOctcThe autosomal dominant CHARGE syndrome (MIM #214800) is caused by mutations in the CHD7 gene. It is usually sporadic but a few cases with gonadal mosaicism and familial inheritance have been reported. We describe a familial CHARGE syndrome in a two-generation Finnish family with a nonsense mutation in the CHD7 gene. Detailed clinical examination of the affected family members was performed, and mutations in the CHD7 gene were analysed with direct sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification. A nonsense mutation, p.Q1599X, was detected in exon 21 of the CHD7 gene in three affected family members. The father was only mildly affected, whereas his son had a very severe manifestation of the syndrome, causing death at the age of 3 months. The second pregnancy was prematurely terminated in the 23rd week because of cardiac anomalies detected in the ultrasound scan. The father's brother also had mild symptoms, but no mutation was detected in him. In this report, the variability of clinical symptoms within families and the clinical importance of mildly affected patients with the CHARGE syndrome are underlined with implications for molecular genetic diagnostics of the syndrome. Features not described in the CHARGE syndrome before are also presented. Clin Dysmorphol 17:249-253 (C) 2008 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.://000260230700003nVuorela, Pia E. Penttinen, Maila T. Hietala, Marja H. Laine, Jukka O. Huoponen, Kirsi A. Kaariainen, Helena A. 0962-8827ISI:0002602307000030.52310.1097/MCD. |?"Collings, A. Raitakari, O. T. Juonala, M. Mansikkaniemi, K. Kahonen, M. Hutri-Kahonen, N. Marniemi, J. Viikari, J. S. A. Lehtimaki, T. J.2008The influence of smoking and homocysteine on subclinical atherosclerosis is modified by the connexin37 C1019T polymorphism - The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study 1102-1108*Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine468ArticleAug=Background: A polymorphism C1019T on the connexin37 (Cx37) gene has been found to associate with coronary artery disease. There are conflicting results on which allele confers risk, and the possibility of interactions between the polymorphism and risk factors has been raised. In this study, we examined interactions between the Cx37 polymorphism and common risk factors and their associations to early vascular parameters of atherosclerosis: carotid artery intima-media thickness (IMT), and carotid artery compliance (CAC) and brachial artery flow mediated dilatation (FMD). Methods: A population of 1440 healthy young adults from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study was studied. The subjects were genotyped and their cardiovascular risk factor and ultrasound data gathered in 2001 were used for the statistical analyses. Results: In the whole population, homocysteine in subjects with the TT genotype was found to be associated with higher FMD values (p for interaction 0.038) and remained so in three different adjusted models (p for interaction 0.022 - 0.038). In women with the CC genotype, smoking was found to be associated with higher FMD values and the smoking-by-genotype interaction remained significant in three adjusted models (p for interaction 0.001 - 0.041). In women with TT genotype, the effect of smoking was opposite, i.e., FMD values for smokers were lower compared to non-smokers. In men, physical activity interacted with Cx37 on CAC in the CT and TT genotypes (p for interaction 0.011). No significant interactions were found to predict IMT. Conclusions: The effect of smoking and homocysteine levels on arterial endothelial functions and elasticity were modified by the allelic variation of the Cx37 gene. These data suggest that variation in the connexin gene may modify effects risk factors have on vascular function.://000259147200007Collings, Auni Raitakari, Olli T. Juonala, Markus Mansikkaniemi, Kristiina Kahonen, Mika Hutri-Kahonen, Nina Marniemi, Jukka Viikari, Jorma S. A. Lehtimaki, Terho J. 1434-6621ISI:0002591472000071.74110.1515/cclm.2008.2165lin, M. M. Hollingshead, S. K. Briles, D. E. Hanage, W. P. Lahdenkari, M. Kaijalainen, T. Kilpi, T. M. Kayhty, H. M.2008Distribution of pneumococcal surface protein A families 1 and 2 among Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from children in Finland who had acute otitis media or were nasopharyngeal carriers 1555-1563Clinical and Vaccine Immunology1510ArticleOctDPspA is a structurally variable surface protein important to the virulence of pneumococci. PspAs are serologically cross-reactive and exist as two major families. In this study, we determined the distribution of PspA families 1 and 2 among pneumococcal strains isolated from the middle ear fluid (MEF) of children with acute otitis media and from nasopharyngeal specimens of children with pneumococcal carriage. We characterized the association between the two PspA families, capsular serotypes, and multilocus sequence types (STs) of the pneumococcal isolates. MEF isolates (n = 201) of 109 patients and nasopharyngeal isolates (n = 173) of 49 children were PspA family typed by whole-cell enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Genetic typing (PCR) of PspA family was done for 60 isolates to confirm EIA typing results. The prevalences of PspA families 1 and 2 were similar among pneumococci isolated from MEF (51% and 45%, respectively) and nasopharyngeal specimens (48% each). Isolates of certain capsule types as well as isolates of certain STs showed statistical associations with either family 1 or family 2 PspA. Pneumococci from seven children with multiple pneumococcal isolates appeared to express serologically different PspA families in different isolates of the same serotype; in three of the children the STs of the isolates were the same, suggesting that antigenic changes in the PspA expressed may have taken place. The majority of the isolates (97%) belonged to either PspA family 1 or family 2, suggesting that a combination including the two main PspA families would make a good vaccine candidate.://000259821700010Melin, Merit M. Hollingshead, Susan K. Briles, David E. Hanage, William P. Lahdenkari, Mika Kaijalainen, Tarja Kilpi, Terhi M. Kayhty, Helena M. 1556-6811ISI:00025982170001010.1128/cvi.00177-08Jl|? @Sundvall, J. Laatikainen, T. Hakala, S. Leiviska, J. Alfthan, G.2008Systematic error of serum triglyceride measurements during three decades and the effect of fasting on serum triglycerides in population studies55-59Clinica Chimica Acta3971-2ArticleNov7Background: An uncontrolled systematic error in serum biomarkers may be a serious problem when comparing their trends both within and between populations. The aim of the study was to assess which factors are responsible for systematic errors in the measurement of serum triglycerides (Tg) and the effect of fasting on serum triglycerides in Finnish population surveys. Methods: Data on precision and accuracy during 30 years for serum triglycerides were documented from participation in 492 rounds of five different external quality assessment (EQA) programs. Data on fasting and health status from questionnaires were combined from three population surveys comprising 27 131 participants. Results: The mean annual accuracy (bias) of the Tg methods from all EQAs during 1978-2007 was -1.54% (95% Cl -225,-0.83). The mean relative change in triglycericle concentration per fasting hour was -3.7% (95% Cl -4.2,- 3.1) in all subjects. A minimum serum Tg concentration was seen in men and women who had fasted for at least 8 and 7 h, respectively. Conclusions: The mean bias in serum Tg analyses has been very small throughout the 30-year period. Fasting has a considerable effect on triglycericle levels, but they can be converted either to fasting or non-fasting levels using specific factors. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.://000260281600011NSundvall, Jouko Laatikainen, Tiina Hakala, Samu Leiviska, Jaana Alfthan, Georg 0009-8981ISI:0002602816000112.60110.1016/j|?DBarengo, N. C. Katoh, S. Moltchanov, V. Tajima, N. Tuomilehto, J. O.2008cThe diabetes-cardiovascular risk paradox: Results from a Finnish population-based prospective study E308-E308 Circulation11812Meeting AbstractSep://000259224800729DBarengo, N. C. Katoh, S. Moltchanov, V. Tajima, N. Tuomilehto, J. O. 0009-7322ISI:00025922480072912.755[|?sKaarakainen, P. Meklin, T. Rintala, H. Hyvaerinen, A. Karkkainen, P. Vepsalainen, A. Hirvonen, M. R. Nevalainen, A.2008hSeasonal variation in airborne microbial concentrations and diversity at landfill, urban and rural sites556-563Clean-Soil Air Water367ArticleJulBMicrobes are present everywhere in outdoor air. However, the general characterization of outdoor air mycobiota and bacterial flora is incomplete. In this study, seasonal variations in outdoor air microbial concentrations and differences between a landfill, urban and rural sites were compared. Samples were collected monthly for a period of one year. Airborne dust samples were collected onto polyvinyl chloride filters. Filter samples were analyzed for ergosterol, and 14 species or assay groups of fungi and for the bacterial genus Streptomyces by using quantitative PCR. Viable bacteria and fungi were collected with a cascade impactor twice each month from the three sampling sites. The concentrations in the different sampling sites varied depending on the species. The concentrations of Penicillium and Aspergillus species were significantly higher in the waste center compared with the other sites, while the concentration of Cladosporium, spp. was highest in the rural area. The highest concentrations of Streptomyces and Cladosporium species were observed in warmer weather periods. Similar observations were made for ergosterol. Group and species seasonal variation was less distinct for Penicillium and Aspergillus. According to the present results, both season and environment are determinants of microbial communities in outdoor air.://000257825200009Kaarakainen, Pasi Meklin, Teija Rintala, Helena Hyvaerinen, Anne Karkkainen, Paivi Vepsalainen, Asko Hirvonen, Maija-Riita Nevalainen, Aino 1863-0650ISI:00025782520000910.1002/clen.200700179|?{Lopez-Espinosa, M. J. Kiviranta, H. Araque, P. Ruokojarvi, P. Molina-Molina, J. M. Fernandez, M. F. Vartiainen, T. Olea, N.20084Dioxins in adipose tissue of women in Southern Spain967-971 Chemosphere736ArticleOctSeventeen polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) were quantified in adipose tissue samples of non-occupationally exposed women living in Southern Spain. Geometric mean levels of sum of congeners and WHOPCDD/F-TEQ(2005) were 410 and 17.9 pg g(-1) fat, respectively. Among PCDDs, octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) showed the highest concentration with a mean value of 265 pg g(-1) fat, followed by 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD (49.3 pg g(-1) fat) and 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD (45.2 pg g(-1) fat). These three congeners were responsible for around 90% of the sum of all PCDD/F congeners in adipose tissue. The geometric mean 2,3,7,8-TCDD value was 1.87 pg g(-1) fat. 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF (8.43 pg g(-1) fat) showed the highest concentration among the PCDFs, followed by 1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF (4.17 pg g(-1) fat) and 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF (3.28 pg g(-1) fat), and these three congeners were responsible for 4% of the sum of all studied PCDD/F congeners in adipose tissue and 76% of the sum of ten PCDFs. 1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF was the only congener not quantified in any sample, while 1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF, 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF, CCDF and 2,3,7,8-TCDF were found in 5,16,16 and 19 samples, respectively. All other congeners were quantifiable in all 20 samples. Congeners contributing most to the WHOPCDD/F-TEQ2005 were 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD (31.6%), 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD (28.3%) and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF (14.6%). The body burden of log-transformed WHOPCDD/F-TEQ2005 levels increased with age (B = 0.02; 95% Cl = 0.01, 0.03; p=0.02). Although these adipose tissue PCDD/F levels are similar to previously published findings in Spain and other European countries, further research is needed to determine trends in the exposure of women to these chemical residues. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000260486600015{Lopez-Espinosa, M. J. Kiviranta, H. Araque, P. Ruokojarvi, P. Molina-Molina, J. M. Fernandez, M. F. Vartiainen, T. Olea, N. 0045-6535ISI:0002604866000152.739!10.1016/j.chemosp|?kFernandez, M. F. Kiviranta, H. Molina-Molina, J. M. Laine, O. Lopez-Espinosa, M. J. Vartiainen, T. Olea, N.2008_Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hydroxy-PCBs in adipose tissue of women in Southeast Spain 1196-1205 Chemosphere716ArticleAprPolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hydroxylated PCBs (OH-PCBs) were investigated in human adipose tissue samples collected from 20 women undergoing surgery. Mean sum of PCB and sum of OH-PCB levels were 737 ng/g of lipid and 8 pg/g of lipid, respectively. Among PCBs, congeners 180, 153, 138 and 170 were the most frequent and abundant, and together constituted 72% of the total amount of PCBs in adipose tissue. The PCB congener pattern and the frequencies and concentrations of non-dioxin-like and non-hydroxylated congeners observed in adipose tissue were similar in distribution and order of magnitude to the profile previously published in Spain but lower than that found in other European countries. Among OH-PCB congeners studied, 4-OH-PCB 107/118 was found at the highest concentrations followed by 3'-OH-PCB 180 and 3-OH-PCB 138. To date, no information on levels of PCB metabolites in the Spanish population is available for comparison. These three predominant OH-PCBs contributed 97% of all OH-PCBs. Twelve dioxin-like PCBs contributed around 8% of the total PCB exposure, and all were present in all study subjects. Further research is required to determime trends in human exposure to PCBs and OH-PCBs and how existing banning measures affect exposure. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000255329700023kFernandez, M. F. Kiviranta, H. Molina-Molina, J. M. Laine, O. Lopez-Espinosa, M. J. Vartiainen, T. Olea, N. 0045-6535ISI:0002553297000232.739!10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.09.064|?VKumpula, L. S. Kumpula, J. M. Taskinen, M. R. Jauhiainen, M. Kaski, K. Ala-Korpela, M.2008KReconsideration of hydrophobic lipid distributions in lipoprotein particles57-62Chemistry and Physics of Lipids1551ArticleSep&Lipoprotein particles are commonly known as micellar aggregates with hydrophobic lipids located within the core and amphipathic molecules in the surface. Using a new structural model for optimizing the distribution of hydrophobic lipids, namely triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol ester (CE) molecules, we reveal that particle size-dependent proportion of these 'core lipids' may locate in the surface of lipoprotein particles. The composition of the particles also strongly influences the actual molecular content of the surface. For example, in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles the percentage of CEs of all surface lipids is between 13% and 27% due to the high tendency of CEs to locate in the surface and the high concentration of CEs in the particles. Conversely, although the percentage of TG molecules in the surface of HDL particles is also high, approximately 60% as for CE, the percentage of TGs of all surface lipids is low, only up to 5%, because HDL particles have a low-TG concentration. These structural models provide an intuitive and coherent structural rationale for various metabolic cascades in lipoprotein metabolism with the catalytic enzyme action and molecular binding for transport proteins taking place at the surface of the particles. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.://000259462500009kKumpula, Linda S. Kumpula, Jussi M. Taskinen, Marja-Riitta Jauhiainen, Matti Kaski, Kimmo Ala-Korpela, Mika 0009-3084ISI:0002594625000092.396!10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.06.003|?/Fagerlund, R. Melen, K. Cao, X. M. Julkunen, I.2008hNF-kappa B p52, RelB and c-Rel are transported into the nucleus via a subset of importin alpha molecules 1442-1451Cellular Signalling208ArticleAug|In resting cells NF-kappa B transcription factors are retained in the cytoplasm as latent inactive complexes, until they are activated and rapidly transported into the nucleus. We show that all NF-kappa B proteins are imported into the nucleus via a subset of importin a isoforms. Our data indicate that the NF-kappa B components of the classical and alternative pathways have somewhat different specifities to importin a molecules. Based on the results from binding experiments of in vitro-translated and Sendai virus infection-induced or TNF-alpha-stimulated endogenous NF-kappa B proteins, it can be predicted that the specifity of NF-kappa B proteins to importin alpha molecules is different and changes upon the composition of the imported dimer. p52 protein binds directly to importin alpha 3, alpha 4, alpha 5 and alpha 6 and c-Rel binds to importin alpha 5, alpha 6 and alpha 7 via a previously described monopartite nuclear localization signals (NLSs). Here we show that RelB, instead, has a bipartite arginine/lysine-rich NLS that mediates the binding of RelB to importin alpha 5 and alpha 6 and subsequent nuclear translocation of the protein. Moreover, we show that the nuclear import of p52/RelB heterodimers is mediated exclusively by the NLS of RelB. In addition, we found that the NLS of p52 mediates the nuclear import of p52/p65 heterodimers. (c) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.://000257848200005:Fagerlund, Riku Melen, Krister Cao, Xinmin Julkunen, Ilkka 0898-6568ISI:0002578482000054.88710.1016/j.cellsig.2008.03.012\|?nWeinstein, S. J. Albanes, D. Selhub, J. Graubard, B. Lim, U. Taylor, P. R. Virtamo, J. Stolzenberg-Solomon, R.2008EOne-Carbon Metabolism Biomarkers and Risk of Colon and Rectal Cancers 3233-3240+Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention1711ArticleNovBackground: Folate intake has been associated with reduced colorectal cancer risk; however, few studies have prospectively examined circulating folate or other related one-carbon biomarkers. Methods: We conducted a nested case-control study within the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study cohort of 50- to 69-year-old Finnish men to investigate associations between serum folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, riboflavin, and homocysteine and risk of colon and rectal cancers. Controls were alive and cancer-free at the time of case diagnosis and matched 1:1 on age and date of baseline fasting serum collection with cases (152 colon and 126 rectal cancers). Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using conditional logistic regression. Results: Serum vitamin B6 was inversely associated with colon cancer [odds ratio, 0.30 (95% confidence interval, 0.11-0.82) in the highest versus lowest quintile]. An increased risk of colon cancer was suggested for men in the middle quintile of serum folate, but without indication of a dose-response relationship. None of the other serum biomarkers were associated with colon or rectal cancer, and we observed no interactions with alcohol consumption or methionine or protein intake. A priori combinations of the five one-carbon serum biomarkers provided no clear evidence to support a collective influence on colorectal cancer risk. Conclusions: Our results support the hypothesis that higher vitamin B6 status may play a role in inhibiting colon cancer carcinogenesis; however, folate and other one-carbon related biomarkers were not associated with colon or rectal cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(11):3233-40)://000260896500044Weinstein, Stephanie J. Albanes, Demetrius Selhub, Jacob Graubard, Barry Lim, Unhee Taylor, Philip R. Virtamo, Jarmo Stolzenberg-Solomon, Rachael 1055-9965ISI:0002608965000444.64210.1158/1055-5l|?Max, J. B. Limburg, P. J. Ogunseitan, A. Stolzenberg-Solomon, R. Z. Vierkant, R. A. Pollak, M. J. Sellers, T. A. Virtamo, J. Cerhan, J. R. Albanes, D.2008IGF-I, IGFBP-3, and IGF-I/IGFBP-3 ratio: No association with incident colorectal cancer in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study 1832-1834+Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention177Editorial MaterialJul://000257735500036Max, Joshua B. Limburg, Paul J. Ogunseitan, Adeboye Stolzenberg-Solomon, Rachael Z. Vierkant, Robert A. Pollak, Michael J. Sellers, Thomas A. Virtamo, Jarmo Cerhan, James R. Albanes, Demetrius 1055-9965ISI:0002577355000364.64210.1158/1055-Q|?^Kiljunen, M. Peltonen, H. Jones, R. I. Kiviranta, H. Vuorinen, P. J. Verta, M. Karjalainen, J.2008Coupling stable isotopes with bioenergetics to evaluate sources of variation in organochlorine concentrations in Baltic salmon (Salmo salar) 2114-21262Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences6510ArticleOctAtlantic salmon (Salmo salar) collected from three locations around the northern Baltic Sea in 2003-2004 showed large spatial and individual variation in their organochlorines (OCs) (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans and polychlorinated biphenyls). This variation could be explained only partly by their size or sea age. The variability arose from the differences in salmon diet, trophic position, and prey OC concentrations and lipid content. A salmon bioenergetics accumulation model was used to evaluate the contribution of salmon growth and their diet to the observed individual variation in OC content. Our model revealed that the contribution of three main prey species in the OC accumulation of salmon varied markedly between the study areas. Amount of lipids in salmon explained a large proportion of their OC concentration. However, trophic position of salmon calculated from the delta N-15 values explained almost 80% of the variation in lipid-normalized OC concentrations. In the Gulf of Finland, where OC concentrations of salmon were highest, their prey species had the highest OC concentrations and trophic positions. Higher OC concentrations in the Gulf of Finland might be related to elevated trophic positions caused by invasion of the predatory cladoceran Cercopagis pengoi in 1990.://000260168000004sKiljunen, Mikko Peltonen, Heikki Jones, Roger I. Kiviranta, Hannu Vuorinen, Pekka J. Verta, Matti Karjalainen, Juha 0706-652XISI:0002601680000042.05810.1139/f08-121{|?YKilkkinen, A. Knekt, P. Heliovaara, M. Rissanen, H. Marniemi, J. Hakulinen, T. Aromaa, A.2008GVitamin D Status and the Risk of Lung Cancer: A Cohort Study in Finland 3274-3278+Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention1711ArticleNovExperimental data support the suppressing effect of vitamin D on lung carcinogenesis, but epidemiologic evidence is limited. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] level is associated with the risk of lung cancer in a prospective cohort study in Finland. 25(OH)D levels were measured by RIA from serum collected at baseline (1978-1980) from 6,937 men and women. During a maximum follow-up of 24 years, 122 lung cancers were identified. After adjustment for potential confounders, no overall significant association between vitamin D and lung cancer risk was observed [relative risk (RR) for the highest versus lowest tertile, 0.72; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.43-1.19; P-trend = 0.22]. There was a statistically significant interaction between vitamin D and sex (P = 0.02) and age W = 0.02): serum 25(OH)D level was inversely associated with lung cancer incidence for women (RR, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.04-0.59; P-trend < 0.001) and younger participants (RR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.13-0.90; P-trend = 0.04) but not for men (RR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.59-1.82; P-trend = 0.81) or older individuals (RR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.50-1.70; P-trend = 0.79). In conclusion, although there was no overall association between vitamin D and lung cancer risk, women and young participants with a higher level of vitamin D were observed to have a lower lung cancer risk. Although experimental data support the suppressing effect of vitamin D on the development of lung cancer, large epidemiologic studies from different populations with repeated measurements of vitamin D are warranted to confirm this finding. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2008;17(11):3274-8)://000260896500049oKilkkinen, Annamari Knekt, Paul Heliovaara, Markku Rissanen, Harri Marniemi, Jukka Hakulinen, Timo Aromaa, Arpo 1055-9965ISI:0002608965000494.64210.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0199ox$|?&Vallius, M. Ruuskanen, J. Pekkanen, J.2008YComparison of multivariate source apportionment of urban PM2.5 with chemical mass closure347-358Boreal Environment Research134ArticleAug(In the lack of comparisons of different source apportionment methods, we resolved daily contributions of five source categories to PM2.5 by applying principal component analysis and multiple linear regression to air pollution data from Helsinki, Finland. From the same data we estimated mass concentrations of four major components of PM2.5 using a chemical mass closure model. Multiple linear regression analysis suggested that secondary and other long-range transported particles contributed 58% to total PM2.5 on the average, while traffic and mixed local combustion sources accounted for 19%, oil combustion for 14%, crustal source for 4.9% and salt for 2.4%. Mass closure suggested average contributions of 50%, 34%, 4.5% and 1.2% from ammonium sulphate, combustion-related particles, crustal material and sea salt, respectively. The crustal source and salt were apportioned similar amounts of PM2.5 whereas results from the two methods were less comparable for the long-range transported and secondary particles, and the combustion-related source components.://000259827700005/Vallius, Marko Ruuskanen, Juhani Pekkanen, Juha 1239-6095ISI:0002598|?wOlkinuora, H. Arvilommi, H. Kantele, J. Saarinen-Pihkala, U. Siitonen, S. Vainio, O. von Willebrand, E. Vettenranta, K.2008IT- and B- cells recovery among paediatric stem cell transplant recipients S299-S299Bone Marrow Transplantation41Meeting AbstractMar://000254359200753Olkinuora, H. Arvilommi, H. Kantele, J. Saarinen-Pihkala, U. Siitonen, S. Vainio, O. von Willebrand, E. Vettenranta, K. Suppl. 1 0268-3369ISI:00025|?SKarvosenoja, N. Tainio, M. Kupiainen, K. Tuomisto, J. T. Kukkonen, J. Johansson, M.2008Evaluation of the emissions and uncertainties of PM2.5 originated from vehicular traffic and domestic wood combustion in Finland465-474Boreal Environment Research135ArticleOctPrimary fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emissions from low-altitude sources, such as traffic and domestic combustion, may cause immediate exposure near the source. In this paper we present emission estimate and uncertainty analysis of PM2.5 emissions from the vehicular traffic and domestic wood combustion sectors. Our estimate of national PM2.5 emissions in 2000 from domestic wood combustion was 7.6 Gg a(-1) and that from vehicular traffic, including non-exhaust emissions, 5.8 Gg a(-1). These values correspond to 25% and 19% of the national total PM 2.5 emissions, respectively. The uncertainties were high for non-exhaust traffic and domestic wood combustion emissions, 37% down, 53% up and 36% down, 50% up of the mean value (95% confidence interval limits), respectively. For traffic exhaust emissions, the uncertainties were lower, 11% down, 13% up. Uncertainties in the domestic combustion emission factors were the most important individual parameters accounting for total uncertainty.://000260814400007fKarvosenoja, Niko Tainio, Marko Kupiainen, Kaarle Tuomisto, Jouni T. Kukkonen, Jaakko Johansson, Matti 1239-6095ISI:0002608144000071.951 73290000581.758  216 [doi]Eng  .1002/jmv.21353 09638280701623687 38/sj.ejcn.1602798 ysiol.2008.155432 .jinf.2008.01.009 /sj.ejcn.1602788 /1471-2164-9-281 10.1159/000151388  .M800080-JLR200  jic.2007.11.006  91.2008.02079.x  5X.2008.00488.x 0.003 [doi]eng 2c90a [doi]eng 051X.2008.01331.x 8-08 [doi]Eng 92511 [doi]Eng -2427 [doi]Eng 63-08 [doi]Eng  1002/gepi.20308re investigated in two buildings over a period of one year. Four samples were taken in each building, corresponding to the four seasons, and 16S rDNA libraries were constructed. A total of 893 clones were analysed and 283 distinct operational taxonomic units (OTUs) detected among them using 97% sequence similarity as the criterion. All libraries were dominated by Gram-positive sequences, with the most abundant phylum being Firmicutes. Four OTUs having high similarity to Corynebacterium-, Propionibacterium-, Streptococcus- and Staphylococcus-sequences were present in all samples. The most abundant of the Gram-negative OTUs were members of the family Sphingomonadaceae, followed by Oxalobacteraceae, Comamonadaceae, Neisseriaceae and Rhizobiaceae. The relative abundance of alpha- and betaproteobacteria increased slightly towards summer at the expense of firmicutes. The proportion of firmicutes and gammaproteobacteria of the total diversity was highest in winter and that of actinobacteria, alpha- and betaproteobacteria in spring or summer, whereas the diversity of bacteroidetes peaked in fall. A statistical comparison of the libraries revealed that the bacterial flora of the two buildings differed during all seasons except spring, but differences between seasons within one building were not that clear, indicating that differences between the buildings were greater than the differences between seasons. Conclusion: This work demonstrated that the bacterial flora of indoor dust is complex and dominated by Gram-positive species. The dominant phylotypes most probably originated from users of the building. Seasonal variation was observed as proportional changes of the phyla and at the species level. The microflora of the two buildings investigated differed statistically and differences between the buildings were more pronounced than differences between seasons.://000255650600001MRintala, Helena Pitkaeranta, Miia Toivola, Mika Paulin, Lars Nevalainen, Aino 1471-2180ISI:00025565060000156 10.1186/1471-2180-8-56 F|?/Hemminki, E. Heikkila, K. Sevon, T. Koponen, P.2008ySpecial features of health services and register based trials - experiences from a randomized trial of childbirth classesBmc Health Services Research8ArticleJunBackground: Evaluating complex interventions in health services faces various difficulties, such as making practice changes and costs. Ways to increase research capacity and decrease costs include making research an integral part of health services and using routine data to judge outcomes. The purpose of this article is to report the feasibility of a pilot trial relying solely on routinely collected register data and being based on ordinary health services. Methods: The example intervention was education to public health nurses (PHN) (childbirth classes) to reduce caesarean section rates via pre-delivery considerations of pregnant women. 20 maternity health centers (MHC) were paired and of each 10 pairs, one MHC was randomly allocated to an intervention group and the other to a control; 8 pairs with successful intervention were used in the analyses (1601 mothers). The women visiting to the study maternity centers were identified from the Customer Register of Helsinki City. A list of the study women was made using the mother's personal identification number, visit date, the maternity center code, birth date and gestation length. The mode of delivery and health outcomes were retrieved from the Finnish Medical Birth Register (MBR). Process data of the intervention are based on observations, written feedback and questionnaires from PHNs, and project correspondence. Results: It took almost two years to establish how to obtain permissions and to actually obtain it for the trial. Obtaining permissions for the customer and outcome data and register linkages was unproblematic and the cluster randomization provided comparable groups. The intervention did not succeed well. Had the main aim of the trial been to cause a change in PHNs behavior, we would have very likely intensified the intervention during the trial. Conclusion: Our experiences encourage the use of trials that obtain their outcomes from registers. Changing the behavior of ordinary health service providers is a challenging intervention.://000257396900001>Hemminki, Elina Heikkila, Kaija Sevon, Tiina Koponen, Paivikki 1472-6963ISI:0002573969000011.358126 10.1186/1472-6963-8-1261F|?;Saarela, J. Jung, G. Hermann, M. Nimpf, J. Schneider, W. J.2008/The patatin-like lipase family in Gallus gallus Bmc Genomics9ArticleJunBackground: In oviparous species, genes encoding proteins with functions in lipid remodeling, such as specialized lipases, may have evolved to facilitate the assembly and utilization of yolk lipids by the embryo. The mammalian gene family of patatin-like phospholipases (PNPLAs) has received significant attention, but studies in other vertebrates are lacking; thus, we have begun investigations of PNPLA genes in the chicken (Gallus gallus). Results: We scanned the draft chicken genome using human PNPLA sequences, and performed PCR to amplify and sequence orthologous cDNAs. Full-length cDNA sequences of galline PNPLA2/ATGL, PNPLA4, -7, -8, -9, and the activator protein CGI-58, as well as partial cDNA sequences of avian PNPLA1, -3, and -6 were obtained. The high degree of sequence identities (similar to 50 to 80%) between the avian and human orthologs suggests conservation of important enzymatic functions. Quantitation by qPCR of the transcript levels of PNPLAs and CGI-58 in 21 tissues indicates that expression patterns and levels diverge greatly between species. A particularly interesting tissue in which certain PNPLAs may contribute to physiological specialization is the extraembryonic yolk sac. Conclusion: Knowledge about the exact in-vivo functions of PNPLAs in any system is still sparse. Thus, studies about the temporal expression patterns and functions of the enzymes identified here, and of other already known extracellular lipases and co-factors, in the yolk sac and embryonic tissues during embryogenesis are called for. Based on the information obtained, further studies are anticipated to provide important insights of the roles of PNPLAs in the yolk sac and embryo development.://000257359400001TSaarela, Jani Jung, Gerlinde Hermann, Marcela Nimpf, Johannes Schneider, Wolfgang J. 1471-2164ISI:0002573594000014.180281 10.1186n|?King, A. J. van Gorkom, T. Pennings, J. L. A. van der Heide, H. G. J. He, Q. H. Diavatopoulos, D. Heuvelman, K. van Gent, M. Mooi, F. R. van Leeuwen, K.2008Comparative genomic profiling of Dutch clinical Bordetella pertussis isolates using DNA microarrays: Identification of genes absent from epidemic strains1-14 Bmc Genomics9ArticleJunBackground: Whooping cough caused by Bordetella pertussis in humans, is re-emerging in many countries despite vaccination. Several studies have shown that significant shifts have occurred in the B. pertussis population resulting in antigenic divergence between vaccine strains and circulating strains and suggesting pathogen adaptation. In the Netherlands, the resurgence of pertussis is associated with the rise of B. pertussis strains with an altered promoter region for pertussis toxin (ptxP3). Results: We used Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST), Multiple-Locus Variable Number of Tandem Repeat Analysis (MLVA) and microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to characterize the ptxP3 strains associated with the Dutch epidemic. For CGH analysis, we developed an oligonucleotide (70-mers) microarray consisting of 3,581 oligonucleotides representing 94% of the gene repertoire of the B. pertussis strain Tohama I. Nine different MLST profiles and 38 different MLVA types were found in the period 1993 to 2004. Forty-three Dutch clinical isolates were analyzed with CGH, 98 genes were found to be absent in at least one of the B. pertussis strains tested, these genes were clustered in 8 distinct regions of difference. Conclusion: The presented MLST, MLVA and CGH-analysis identified distinctive characteristics of ptxP3 B. pertussis strains-the most prominent of which was a genomic deletion removing about 23,000 bp. We propose a model for the emergence of ptxP3 strains.://000257872300001King, Audrey J. van Gorkom, Tamara Pennings, Jeroen L. A. van der Heide, Han G. J. He, Qiushui Diavatopoulos, Dimitri Heuvelman, Kees van Gent, Marjolein Mooi, Frits R. van Leeuwen, Karin 1471-2164ISI:0002578723000014.180311 10.1186/1471-2164-9-311B|? iLan, Q. Lim, U. Liu, C. S. Weinstein, S. J. Chanock, S. Bonner, M. R. Virtamo, J. Albanes, D. Rothman, N.2008TAprospective study of mitochondrial DNA copy number and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma 4247-4249Blood11210ArticleNov;Mitochondrial DNA( mtDNA) copy number is increased in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), in Burkitt lymphoma and Epstein-Barrvirus-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines, and in T cells activated via the T-cell receptor. We hypothesized that having a higher mtDNA copy number in peripheral white blood cell DNA from healthy subjects would be associated with future risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). We analyzed mtDNA copy number in 104 incident male NHL cases and 104 matched controls within the prospective Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene (ATBC) Cancer Prevention cohort. There was a dose-response relationship between tertiles of mtDNA copy number and risk of NHL (odds ratio [OR], 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0; 1.4 [0.7-2.8]; and 2.4 [1.0-5.5], respectively; P-trend = .046). The effect was most pronounced for the CLL/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) subtype (OR: 1.0; 3.2 [0.7-15.7]; 14.1 [1.9-103.2]; P-trend = .009). These results suggest that mtDNA copy number could be associated with the risk of NHL, particularly CLL/SLL. (Blood. 2008; 112: 4247-4249)://000260691300046Lan, Qing Lim, Unhee Liu, Chin-San Weinstein, Stephanie J. Chanock, Stephen Bonner, Matthew R. Virtamo, Jarmo Albanes, Demetrius Rothman, Nathaniel 0006-4971ISI:00026069130004610.89610.1182/blood-2008-05-157974 920.2008.01634.x 3608 [doi]eng 9965.epi-08-0459 1403494808089649 rosci.2008.05.007 1093/eurpub/ckn037 1093/eurpub/ckn063 78118000182.093 0b013e328306a704 74-7696(07)65007-4 micag.2008.02.021 796.2008.01997.x 0.1042/bsr20080052  7.x [doi]Eng 10.1038/ng.120 186/1475-2859-7-10 206737 [doi]eng xlet.2008.06.186xHnth study representing psychiatric in- and outpatients with DSM-IV BD in three Finnish cities. Life charts were used to classify time spent in follow-up in the different phases of illness among the 81 BD I and 95 BD II patients. Results: Compared to the other phases of the illness, the incidence of suicide attempts was 37-fold higher [95% confidence interval (CI) for relative risk (RR): 11.8-120.3] during combined mixed and depressive mixed states, and 18-fold higher (95% CI: 6.5-50.8) during major depressive phases. In Cox's proportional hazards regression models, combined mixed (mixed or depressive mixed) or major depressive phases and prior suicide attempts independently predicted suicide attempts. No other factor significantly modified the risks related to these time-varying risk factors; their population-attributable fraction was 86%. Conclusions: The incidence of suicide attempts varies remarkably between illness phases, with mixed and depressive phases involving the highest risk by time. Time spent in high-risk illness phases is likely the major determinant of overall risk for suicide attempts among BD patients. Studies of suicidal behavior should investigate the role of both static and time-varying risk factors in overall risk; clinically, management of mixed and depressive phases may be crucial in reducing risk.://000257717700004qValtonen, Hanna M. Suominen, Kirsi Haukka, Jari Mantere, Outi Leppamaki, Sami Arvilommi, Petri Isometsa, Erkki T. 1398-5647ISI:000257717700004 |? sKnaapila, A. Tuorila, H. Silventoinen, K. Wright, M. J. Kyvik, K. O. Keskitalo, K. Hansen, J. Kaprio, J. Perola, M.2008Environmental effects exceed genetic effects on perceived intensity and pleasantness of several odors: A three-population twin study484-492Behavior Genetics385ArticleSepHuman genes encoding odorant receptors have been identified, but the contribution of genetic effects to total variation in specific odor perceptions is largely unknown. We estimated the relative contributions of genetic and environmental effects to variation in the perceived intensity and pleasantness of cinnamon, chocolate, turpentine, and isovaleric acid (sweaty) odors by quantitative genetic modeling of odor rating data from 856 twin individuals (including 83 complete monozygotic and 275 dizygotic twin pairs) aged 10-60 years (44% males and 56% females) from Australia, Denmark, and Finland. Results from fitting univariate models including components for additive genetic (A), shared environmental (C), and non-shared environmental (E) effects to the data implied that non-shared environmental effects account for the most variation in ratings of individual odors while genetic effects play only a minor role. Multivariate independent pathway model revealed a modest but significant common additive genetic component for intensity ratings, explaining 18% of the total variation. The results promote the importance of inter-individual variation in odor exposures and olfactory plasticity to odor perception.://000259367500004Knaapila, Antti Tuorila, Hely Silventoinen, Karri Wright, Margaret J. Kyvik, Kirsten O. Keskitalo, Kaisu Hansen, Jonathan Kaprio, Jaakko Perola, Markus 0001-8244ISI:0002593675000042.95310.1007/s10519-008-9211-6 ^|? OYegutkin, G. G. Jankowski, J. Jalkanen, S. Gunthner, T. Zidek, W. Jankowski, V.2008kDinucleotide polyphosphates contribute to purinergic signalling via inhibition of adenylate kinase activity189-194Bioscience Reports284ArticleAug Dinucleoside polyphosphates are well described as direct vasoconstrictors and as mediators with strong proliferative properties, however, less is known about their effects on nucleotide-converting pathways. Therefore, the present study investigates the effects of ANA (diadenosine tetra phosphate), UNA (uridine adenosine tetraphosphate) and Ap(5)A (diadenosine pentaphosphate) and the non-selective P2 antagonist suramin on human serum and endothelial nucleotide-converting enzymes. Human serum and HUVECs (human umbilical vein endothelial cells) were pretreated with various concentrations of dinucleotide polyphosphates and suramin. Adenylate kinase and NDP kinase activities were then quantified radiochemically by TLC analysis of the ATP-induced conversion of [H-3]AMP and [H-3]ADP into [H-3)ADP/ATP and [H-3]ATP respectively. Endothelial NTPDase (nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase) activity was additionally determined using [H-3]ADP and [H-3]ATP as preferred substrates. Dinucleoside polyphosphates and suramin have an inhibitory effect on the serum adenylate kinase [plC(50) values (-log IC50): APA 4.67 +/- 0.03; UNA, 3.70 +/- 0.10; Ap(5)A, 6.31 +/- 0.03; suramin, 3.74 +/- 0.07], as well as on endothelial adenylate kinase (PIC50 values: APA 4.17 +/- 0.07; UPA 2.94 +/- 0.02; Ap(5)A, 5.97 +/- 0.04; suramin, 4.23 +/- 0.07), but no significant effects on serum NDP kinase, emphasizing the selectivity of these inhibitors. Furthermore, APA UNA, AP(5)A and suramin progressively inhibited the rates of [H-3]ADP (plC(50) values: AP(4)A 3.38 +/- 0.09; UPA 2.78 +/- 0.06; ANA, 4.42 +/- 0.11; suramin, 4.10 +/- 0.07) and [H-3]ATP (plC(50) values: ANA, 3.06 0.06; Ap(5)A, 3.05 +/- 0.12; suramin, 4.14 + 0.05) hydrolyses by cultured HLIVECs. UNA has no significant effect on the enclothelial NTPDase activity. Although the half-lives for Ap(4)A, UNA and Ap(5)A in serum are comparable with the incubation times of the assays used in the present study, secondary effects of the dinucleotide metabolites are not prominent for these inhibitory effects, since the concentration of metabolites formed are relatively insignificant compared with the 800 pmol/l ATP added as a phosphate donor in the adenylate kinase and NDP kinase assays. This comparative competitive study suggests that ANA and Ap(5)A contribute to the purinergic responses via inhibition of adenylate-kinase-mediated conversion of enclogenous ADP whereas UNA most likely mediates its vasoregulatory effects via direct binding-mediated mechanisms.://000260364900002gYegutkin, Gennady G. Jankowski, Joachim Jalkanen, Sirpa Guenthner, Thomas Zidek, Walter Jankowski, Vera 0144-8463ISI:0002603649000023.1151 4 #|? Tissari, J. Lyyranen, J. Hytonen, K. Sippula, O. Tapper, U. Frey, A. Saarnio, K. Pennanen, A. S. Hillamo, R. Salonen, R. O. Hirvonen, M. R. Jokiniemi, J.2008pFine particle and gaseous emissions from normal and smouldering wood combustion in a conventional masonry heater 7862-7873Atmospheric Environment4234ArticleNovThe fine particle and gas emissions from the,residential wood combustion (RWC) appear to be a major contributor to winter-time pollution in Europe. In this study, we characterised the effect of two different combustion conditions on particulate and gaseous emissions from a conventional masonry heater. Normal combustion (NC) is the best available operational practice for the heater, whereas smouldering combustion (SQ mimicked slow heating combustion. It was found that the operational practice in RWC can significantly influence the quantity and quality of particle and gaseous emissions into the atmosphere. In SC, the emissions of carbon monoxide were 3.5-fold, total volatile organics 14-fold and PM1 6-fold to those of NC, whereas the mass of the inorganic compounds ("fine ash") and particle number emissions were lower from SC than from NC According to electron microscopy analyses, the observed fine ash particles seemed to occur mainly as separate spherical or irregularly shaped particles but not as agglomerates. Ultrafine (<100 nm) fine ash particles were composed mainly of K, S and Zn, but also in a lesser extent of C, Ca, Fe, Mg, Cl, P and Na. Large agglomerates were found to contain mainly carbon and are considered to be primarily soot particles. The larger spherical and irregularly shaped particles were composed of same alkali metal compounds as ultrafine particles, but they were probably covered with heavy organic compounds. From SC, particles were composed mainly of carbon compounds and they had a more closed structure than the particles from NC, due to organic matter on the particles. In the present experiments, the ultrafine mode in the particle number distributions seemed to be determined mainly by the amount of released ash forming material in combustion, and the shifting of particle size during different combustion conditions seemed to be determined by the amount of condensed organic vapour in the flue gas. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000260941000004Tissari, J. Lyyranen, J. Hytonen, K. Sippula, O. Tapper, U. Frey, A. Saarnio, K. Pennanen, A. S. Hillamo, R. Salonen, R. O. Hirvonen, M. -R Jokiniemi, J. 1352-2310ISI:0002609410000042.54910.1016/j.atm{k||?TLeino-Arjas, P. Kauppila, L. Kaila-Kangas, L. Shiri, R. Heistaro, S. Heliovaarac, M.20080Serum lipids in relation to sciatica among Finns43-49Atherosclerosis1971ArticleMarObjectives: Atherosclerosis of arteries supplying the lumbar region has been suggested as a mechanism leading to inter-vertebral disc degeneration and sciatica. The study described here examined whether serum lipid levels or pharmacologically treated hyperlipidemia were associated with sciatica. Methods: A nationally representative sample (n = 8028) of Finns aged 30 years or over was interviewed and examined. Sciatica was assessed by a physician according to preset criteria. Information for the present purpose was available for 74.8% of the sample. Results: The prevalence of sciatica was 3.3% for men and 2.2% for women. In men without hyperlipidemia treatment, sciatica was associated with total cholesterol (high vs. low tertile: OR 2.28, 95% Cl 1.14-4.55), LDL cholesterol (2.12; 1.11-4.05), and triglycerides (1.92 1.04-3.55), adjusted for age, BMI, exercise, smoking, heavy physical work, and education. HDL was not associated with sciatica. For men in the highest tertile of both total cholesterol and triglycerides, the OR of sciatica was 3.89 (1.68-8.99) in comparison to men with cholesterol in the lowest tertile and triglycerides in the lowest or the middle tertile. In similar analyses among women no associations were seen. Pharmacologically treated hyperlipidemia was associated with sciatica in women (2.02; 1.01-4.04), but not in men (1.71; 0.83-3.55). Conclusions: Independent of BMI and other possible confounders, clinically assessed sciatica in men was associated with levels of atherogenic serum lipids. Pharmacologically treated hyperlipidemia was associated with sciatica in women. The findings are in accordance with the atherosclerosis-sciatica hypothesis. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.://000254569900005gLeino-Arjas, Paivi Kauppila, Leena Kaila-Kangas, Leena Shiri, Rahman Heistaro, Sami Heliovaarac, Markku 0021-9150ISI:0002545699000054.287%10.1016/j.atheroscler )|?xHernesniemi, J. A. Raitakari, I. T. Kahonen, M. Juonala, M. Hutri-Kahonen, N. E. Marnierni, J. Viikari, J. Lehtimaki, T.2008Toll-like receptor 4 gene (Asp299Gly) polymorphism associates with carotid artery elasticity - The cardiovascular risk in young Finns study152-159Atherosclerosis1981ArticleMayObjective: Early subclinical markers of atherosclerosis, such as carotid artery intima media thickness (IMT) and elasticity predict future coronary events. The G allele of the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) gene Asp299Gly polymorphism has been previously associated with decreased development of atherosclerosis and with lower risk of myocardial infractions. We wanted to examine the association of this polymorphism with carotid IMT and compliance in a population of young Finnish Caucasian adults. Methods: Carotid artery IMT and elasticity indices of 2201 study subjects who participated in a randomized multicenter study (cardiovascular risk in young Finns study) were measured with ultrasound. The genotyping was performed using the TaqMan 5'-nuclease assay. Results: According to multivariate linear regression analysis adjusted with potential confounders, the G allele carriers had significantly higher carotid arterial compliance, measured in increase of luminal diameter percentage in response to blood pressure rise of 10 mmHg, than did the AA homozygotes (beta= 0.099 with 95% CI 0.029-0.169 and p = 0.006). The difference between AA homozygotes and GG homozygotes was even more pronounced (beta = 0.382 with 95% CI 0.119-0.644 and p = 0.004). Variation in the TLR-4 genotype was not related with IMT. The results of the two independent study cohorts of Eastern and Western Finland were in accordance with the results of the whole combined study population. Conclusion: The G allele of the TLR-4 gene Asp299Gly polymorphism is associated with increased carotid artery compliance in young adults. This beneficial effect of the G allele may reduce the risk of future cardiovascular events. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.://000255491800018Hernesniemi, Jussi A. Raitakari, I. T. Kahonen, Mika Juonala, Markus Hutri-Kahonen, Nina E. Marnierni, Jukka Viikari, Jorma Lehtimaki, Terho 0021-9150ISI:0002554918000184.287%10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.09.024(|?0Roots, O. Zitko, V. Kiviranta, H. Rantakokko, P.2008;PROFILES OF POLYBROMINATED DIPHENYL ETHERS IN AQUATIC BIOTA153-159&Arhiv Za Higijenu Rada I Toksikologiju593ArticleSepThe profiles (concentrations scaled to a sum of 100) of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in aquatic fauna differ from those of the commercial PBDE formulations, particularly by a much higher proportion of the congener 47. At the same time, the profiles reported by different authors vary a great deal and no patterns related to species, localities, etc. are obvious. It seems that there are systematic differences among the reporting laboratories, and measurement errors within the same laboratory may also play a role. However, the profiles of PBDEs in fish from the Baltic are very similar and form a tight "cluster". PBDE profiles in crustaceans appear different from those in fish.://000260021500003<Roots, Ott Zitko, Vladimir Kiviranta, Hannu Rantakokko, Panu 0004-1254ISI:00026002150000310.2478/10004-1254-59-2008-1875H7SP|?uPirkola, J. Tammelin, T. Bloigu, A. Pouta, A. Laitinen, J. Ruokonen, A. Tapanainen, P. Jarvelin, M. R. Vaarasmaki, M.2008lPrevalence of metabolic syndrome at age 16 using the International Diabetes Federation paediatric definition945-951 Archives of Disease in Childhood9311ArticleNov+Objective: We estimated the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) in adolescents, using the new International Diabetes Federation (IDF) paediatric definition and compared this with prevalence estimated using the IDF adult definition and five other previously published definitions. Design: Cross-sectional survey in the prospective general population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC 1986) at age 16 years. Setting: Birth cohort in Finland. Participants: 5665 adolescents (2862 males and 2803 females) clinically examined in 2001-2002. Main outcome measures: The prevalence of MS using different definitions. Results: The overall prevalence of MS using the IDF paediatric definition was 2.4% (95% CI 2.0 to 2.8%) at the age of 16 years. Using the IDF adult definition the overall prevalence was lower, 1.7% (CI 1.3 to 2.0%, European cut-offs for waist circumference) and 1.0% (CI 0.7 to 1.3%, North American cut-offs). Conclusion: In 16-year-old adolescents, the paediatric IDF definition rendered a higher prevalence estimate than the adult definition.://000260246900011sPirkola, J. Tammelin, T. Bloigu, A. Pouta, A. Laitinen, J. Ruokonen, A. Tapanainen, P. Jarvelin, M-R Vaarasmaki, M. 0003-9888ISI:0002602469000112.78610.113 J|?]Strandberg, A. Y. Strandberg, T. E. Pitkala, K. Salomaa, V. V. Tilvis, R. S. Miettinen, T. A.2008kThe effect of smoking in midlife on health-related quality of life in old age - A 26-year prospective study 1968-1974Archives of Internal Medicine16818ArticleOct#Background: Smoking shortens life expectancy by 7 to 10 years. However, it is unclear whether the enhanced longevity of nonsmokers produces increased disability and decreased quality of life during these extra final years. This study evaluates the long-term effect of smoking in midlife on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in old age. Methods: Prospective cohort study with a 26-year follow-up of 1658 white men (born 1919-1934) of similar socioeconomic status who were participating in the Helsinki Businessmen Study. All men were healthy at baseline in 1974, when cardiovascular risk factors and smoking habits were assessed. The participants were reevaluated with the use of mailed questionnaires in 2000; HRQoL was measured with the use of the RAND 36-Item Health Survey (similar to the Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form Health Survey) and related to the baseline smoking status. Total mortality through 2000 was determined from Finnish national registers. Results: Participants who had never smoked (n = 614) lived a mean of 10 years longer than heavy smokers (>20 cigarettes daily; n = 188). Among survivors in 2000 (n = 1131), the never-smokers had the highest (ie, best) scores on all RAND 36-Item Health Survey scales. The differences were greatest between never-smokers and heavy smokers, ranging from 4 points on the scale of social functioning to 14 points on the physical functioning scale. The physical component summary score showed a graded deterioration of HRQoL with an increasing number of cigarettes smoked daily (P = .01). Conclusions: During the 26-year follow-up of this socio-economically homogeneous male cohort, HRQoL deteriorated with an increase in daily cigarettes smoked in a dose-dependent manner. Never-smokers lived longer than heavy smokers, and their extra years were of better quality.://000259984400005mStrandberg, Arto Y. Strandberg, Timo E. Pitkala, Kaisu Salomaa, Veikko V. Tilvis, Reijo S. Miettinen, Tatu A. 0003-9926ISI:0002599|?5Fisher, E. B. Jeffery, R. W. Absetz, P. Oldenburg, B.2008dSustaining behavior change in health promotion - Diabetes prevention and management, and weight lossS96-S96Annals of Behavioral Medicine35Meeting AbstractMar://000259245500374NFisher, Edwin B. Jeffery, Robert W. Absetz, Pilvikki Oldenburg, Brian Suppl. 1 0883-6612ISI:0002592455003742.929H|?Boyle, P. Anderson, B. O. Andersson, L. C. Ariyaratne, Y. Auleley, G. R. Barbacid, M. Bartelink, H. Baselga, J. Behbehani, K. Belardelli, F. Berns, A. Bishop, J. Brawley, O. Burns, H. Clanton, M. Cox, B. Currow, D. Dangou, J. M. de Valeriola, D. Dinshaw, K. Eggermont, A. Fitzpatrick, J. Forstmane, M. Garaci, E. Gavin, A. T. Kakizoe, T. Kasler, M. Keita, N. Kerr, D. Khayat, D. Khleif, S. Khuhaprema, T. Knezevic, T. Kubinova, R. Mallath, M. Martin-Moreno, J. McCance, D. McVie, J. G. Merriman, A. Ngoma, T. Nowacki, M. Orgelbrand, J. Park, J. G. Pierotti, M. Ashton, L. P. Puska, P. Escobar, C. V. R. Rajan, B. Rajkumar, T. Ringborg, U. Robertson, C. Rodger, A. Roovali, L. Santini, L. A. Sarhan, M. Seffrin, J. Semiglazov, V. Shrestha, B. M. Soo, K. C. Stamenic, V. Tamblyn, C. Thomas, R. Tuncer, M. Tursz, T. Vaitkiene, R. Vallejos, C. Veronesi, U. Wojtyla, A. Yach, D. Yoo, K. Y. Zatonski, W. Zaridze, D. Zeng, Y. X. Zhao, P. Zheng, T.2008)Need for global action for cancer control 1519-1521Annals of Oncology199Editorial MaterialSep://000259505400001Boyle, P. Anderson, B. O. Andersson, L. C. Ariyaratne, Y. Auleley, G. -R. Barbacid, M. Bartelink, H. Baselga, J. Behbehani, K. Belardelli, F. Berns, A. Bishop, J. Brawley, O. Burns, H. Clanton, M. Cox, B. Currow, D. Dangou, J. -M. de Valeriola, D. Dinshaw, K. Eggermont, A. Fitzpatrick, J. Forstmane, M. Garaci, E. Gavin, A. T. Kakizoe, T. Kasler, M. Keita, N. Kerr, D. Khayat, D. Khleif, S. Khuhaprema, T. Knezevic, T. Kubinova, R. Mallath, M. Martin-Moreno, J. McCance, D. McVie, J. G. Merriman, A. Ngoma, T. Nowacki, M. Orgelbrand, J. Park, J. -G. Pierotti, M. Ashton, L. P. Puska, P. Escobar, C. V. R. Rajan, B. Rajkumar, T. Ringborg, U. Robertson, C. Rodger, A. Roovali, L. Santini, L. A. Sarhan, M. Seffrin, J. Semiglazov, V. Shrestha, B. M. Soo, K. C. Stamenic, V. Tamblyn, C. Thomas, R. Tuncer, M. Tursz, T. Vaitkiene, R. Vallejos, C. Veronesi, U. Wojtyla, A. Yach, D. Yoo, K. -Y. Zatonski, W. Zaridze, D. Zeng, Y. -X. Zhao, P. Zheng, T. 0923-7534ISI:0002595054000014.87510.1093/annonc/mdn426 |?WAbsetz, P. Jallinoja, P. Hankonen, N. Renner, B. Ghisletta, P. Oldenburg, B. Uutela, A.2008Adoption and maintenance of lifestyle change in preventing type 2 diabetes - Different predictors, different strategies for sustained change?S97-S97Annals of Behavioral Medicine35Meeting AbstractMar://000259245500375xAbsetz, Pilvikki Jallinoja, Piia Hankonen, Nelli Renner, Britta Ghisletta, Paolo Oldenburg, Brian Uutela, Antti Suppl. 1 0883-6612ISI:0002592455003752.929 J$|?Strang-Karlsson, S. Raikkonen, K. Pesonen, A. K. Kajantie, E. Paavonen, E. J. Lahti, J. Hovi, P. Heinonen, K. Jaervenpaeae, A. L. Eriksson, J. G. Andersson, S.2008Very low birth weight and behavioral symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in young adulthood: The Helsinki study of very-low-birth-weight adults 1345-1353American Journal of Psychiatry16510Proceedings PaperOctObjective: Children with very low birth weight (<1500 g) are at increased risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Whether this increased risk continues into adulthood is unknown. The authors assessed behavioral symptoms of ADHD in a well-characterized cohort of very-low-birth-weight young adults who were either small for gestational age (less than two standard deviations below the Finnish mean) or appropriate for gestational age (within two standard deviations of the mean). Method: A total of 162 very-low-birth-weight subjects (small for gestational age: N=52; appropriate for gestational age: N=110) and 172 term comparison subjects 18 to 27 years of age completed the Adult Problem Questionnaire, which yielded six exploratory factor analysis-derived subscales. Participants were also asked about substance use. Results: Very-low-birth-weight adults in the small for gestational age subgroup scored higher on the executive dysfunctioning and emotional instability subscales of the Adult Problem Questionnaire than did those in the appropriate for gestational age subgroup and the comparison group. The appropriate for gestational age and comparison groups had similar scores on these subscales. On the alcohol use subscales of the Adult Problem Questionnaire, both the appropriate and small for gestational age subgroups scored lower than comparison subjects and also reported fewer risk-taking behaviors (alcohol, smoking, and use of recreational drugs) than did comparison subjects. Conclusions: Rather than very low birth weight per se, intrauterine growth retardation, as reflected by small for gestational age status in the very-low-birth-weight subjects, confers a risk for behavioral and emotional adversity related to ADHD in young adulthood.://000259703800022Strang-Karlsson, Sonja Raikkonen, Katri Pesonen, Anu-Katriina Kajantie, Eero Paavonen, E. Juulia Lahti, Jari Hovi, Petteri Heinonen, Kati Jaervenpaeae, Anna-Liisa Eriksson, Johan G. Andersson, Sture 0002-953XISI:0002597038000229.12710.1176/appi.SCk|?ORaevuori, A. Kaprio, J. Hoek, H. W. Sihvola, E. Rissanen, A. Keski-Rahkonen, A.2008Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa in Same-Sex and Opposite-Sex Twins: Lack of Association With Twin Type in a Nationwide Study of Finnish Twins 1604-1610American Journal of Psychiatry16512ArticleDecmObjective: The authors tested the hypothesis that either prenatal feminization or masculinization hormone influences in utero or later socialization affects the risk for anorexia and bulimia nervosa and disordered eating in members of opposite-sex twin pairs. Method: Finnish twins (N=2,426 women, N=1,962 men with known zygosity) from birth cohorts born 1974-1979 were assessed at age 22 to 28 years with a questionnaire for eating disorder symptoms. Based on the questionnaire screen, women (N=292), men (N=53), and their cotwins were interviewed to assess diagnoses of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa (per DSM-IV and broad criteria). Results: In women from opposite-sex twin pairs, the prevalence of DSM-IV or broad anorexia nervosa was not significantly different than that of women from monozygotic pairs or same-sex dizygotic pairs. Of the five male anorexia nervosa probands, only one was from an opposite-sex twin pair. Bulimia nervosa in men was too rare to be assessed by zygosity; the prevalence of DSM-IV or broad bulimia nervosa did not differ in women from opposite-versus same-sex twin pairs. In both sexes, the overall profile of indicators on eating disorders was rather similar between individuals from opposite- and same-sex pairs. Conclusions: The authors found little evidence that the risk for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or disordered eating was associated with zygosity or sex composition of twin pairs, thus making it unlikely that in utero femininization or masculinization or socialization effects of growing up with an opposite-sex twin have a major influence on the later development of eating disorders.://000261266000018]Raevuori, Anu Kaprio, Jaakko Hoek, Hans W. Sihvola, Elina Rissanen, Aila Keski-Rahkonen, Anna 0002-953XISI:0002612 `F|?Morin-Papunen, L. Martikainen, H. McCarthy, M. I. Franks, S. Sovio, U. Hartikainen, A. L. Ruokonen, A. Leinonen, M. Laitinen, J. Jarvelin, M. R. Pouta, A.2008Comparison of metabolic and inflammatory outcomes in women who used oral contraceptives and the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device in a general population-American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology1995Proceedings PaperNovOBJECTIVE: We compared the metabolic and cardiovascular parameters of a reference group of women with those of women who used 2 contraceptive regimes that are used worldwide: the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device and oral contraceptives. STUDY DESIGN: We investigated a cohort of 2814 women at age 31 years from the general population-based Northern Finland Birth Cohort who were born in 1966. Women were classified as oral contraceptive users (n = 687 women), levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device users (n = 168 women), or no use of hormonal contraception (reference group; n = 1959 women). The analyses were adjusted for body mass index, current alcohol use, household income, and area of residence. RESULTS: Compared with the reference group, oral contraceptive users had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, raised levels of inflammatory indices (C-reactive protein), and impaired insulin sensitivity. Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device users displayed a lower high-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol, but a similar cholesterol/high- density lipoprotein ratio, and higher leukocyte count compared with the reference group. Oral contraception users were insulin-resistant compared with levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device users with higher blood pressure, raised lipid levels (such as total cholesterol and triglycerides) and insulin levels, and lower homeostasis model assessment and insulin sensitivity, despite smaller waist and lower waist-hip ratio. CONCLUSION: Oral contraception usage was associated with adverse findings in several metabolic, cardiovascular, and inflammatory parameters, which is consistent with an increased future risk of cardiovascular and metabolic disease. These findings should invite more criticism of recent trends that encourage the prescription of oral contraceptives for years during reproductive life and especially in premenopausal women. In contrast, levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device or progestin-only pills may offer long-term health benefits over oral contraceptives and should be preferred to oral contraceptives for women in their forties and/or with metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus.://000260585800032Morin-Papunen, Laure Martikainen, Hannu McCarthy, Mark I. Franks, Stephen Sovio, Ulla Hartikainen, Anna-Liisa Ruokonen, Aimo Leinonen, Maija Laitinen, Jaana Jaervelin, Marjo-Riitta Pouta, Anneli 0002-9378ISI:0002605858000322.917!529.e1 10.1016/j.s2`|?ASarvikivi, E. Lyytikainen, O. Nieminen, H. Sairanen, H. Saxen, H.20085Nosocomial infections after pediatric cardiac surgery564-569%American Journal of Infection Control368ArticleOctBackground: This study examined the rate of nosocomial infection (NI) in children who underwent cardiac surgery, and also investigated the impact of postdischarge infection surveillance. Risk factors for surgical site infections (SSIs) also were evaluated. Methods: All patients who underwent open-heart cardiac surgery in the Hospital for Children and Adolescents, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Finland, between January 2000 and December 2002 were included. Data were collected retrospectively from hospital registries. A prospective postdischarge survey was conducted to detect SSIs arising within 30 days after surgery, as well as respiratory and gastrointestinal infections with onset within 3 days after discharge. Results: The study included 614 procedures performed in 511 patients. A total of 80 NIs were found (overall NI rate, 6.3 per 1000 patient days), including 21 superficial and 6 deep SSIs. Multivariable analysis identified preoperative hospitalization > 48 hours and high American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score as risk factors for SSI. The postdischarge study revealed 7 additional superficial SSIs, 29 respiratory infections, and 29 gastrointestinal infections; 12 patients required rehospitalization. Conclusions: Almost 25% of the patients had at least 1 NI. All severe NIs were detected during the postoperative hospital stay Respiratory and gastrointestinal infections were common and often led to rehospitalization, thus increasing costs. (Am J Infect Control 2008,36:564-9.)://000259968400004NSarvikivi, Emmi Lyytikainen, Outi Nieminen, Heta Sairanen, Heikki Saxen, Harri 0196-6553ISI:0002599684000041.90710.1016/j.aC34x|?;Makela, P. Vahlberg, T. Kantola, I. Vesalainen, R. Jula, A.2008The Effects of a 6-Month Sodium Restriction on Cardiac Autonomic Function in Patients With Mild to Moderate Essential Hypertension 1183-1187 American Journal of Hypertension2111ArticleNovuBACKGROUND The blood pressure-lowering mechanism of low-sodium diet is not fully understood. METHODS We assessed the effects of salt restriction on cardiac parasympathetic function as measured by heart-rate variability (HRV) in mild to moderate hypertensive patients. Eighty patients were randomized to a 6-month low- (N=40) or normal (N = 40) sodium diet and a 24-h electrocardiogram (ECG) was carried out in the beginning of the study and at 6 months. Five time-domain and six frequency-domain HRV variables were analyzed: mean RR interval, standard deviation of normal RR intervals, mean of the standard deviations of all RR intervals for 5-min segments of the entire recording, percentage of differences between adjacent normal RR intervals exceeding 50 ms, square root of the mean of squared differences between adjacent normal RR intervals, total (0.01 -0.40 Hz), high frequency (HF, 0.15-0.40 Hz), low frequency (LF, 0.04-0.15 Hz), very LF (0.01-0.04 Hz) and LF/HF ratio. RESULTS Although blood pressure diminished significantly (systolic blood pressure (SBP) from 149.9 +/- 14.7 mm Fig to 130.3 +/- 11.8 mm Hg, P < 0.001 and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) from 98.0 +/- 6.4 mm Fig to 87.1 +/- 6.2 mm Hg, P <0.001) after 6 months in the salt reduction group, no significant differences in the change between the groups could be detected. CONCLUSIONS A moderate, prolonged dietary sodium restriction does not alter HRV. Therefore, mechanisms other than cardiac autonomic mechanisms are likely to predominate in the blood pressure-lowering effect of salt restriction. Am J Hypertens 2008;21:1183-1187 (C) 2008 American Journal of Hypertension, Ltd.://000260312100006IMakela, Petri Vahlberg, Tero Kantola, Ilkka Vesalainen, Risto Jula, Antti 0895-7061ISI:0002603121000063.10210.10|?IBarker, D. J. P. Osmond, C. Thornburg, K. L. Kajantie, E. Eriksson, J. G.2008ZA Possible Link Between the Pubertal Growth of Girls and Ovarian Cancer in Their Daughters659-662!American Journal of Human Biology206ArticleNov-DecoAt puberty, the distance between the iliac crests of the female pelvis, measured by the intercristal and interspinous diameters, increases rapidly. This is mainly controlled by estrogens. We have followed up 6,370 women who were born in Helsinki during 1934-1944, and whose mothers' pelvic bones were measured during routine antenatal care. We have previously reported that women whose mothers had larger intercristal diameters had higher rates of breast cancer. We postulated that large intercristal diameters are markers of high circulating concentrations of estrogen, which are established at puberty, persist through reproductive life and cause genetic instability in differentiating breast cells in female embryos. We now report on ovarian cancer in the same cohort. Our hypothesis was that the risk of this cancer would also be higher in women whose mothers had broader hips. We found that, when compared with all other women, the hazard ratio for ovarian cancer was 3.3 (95% CI 1.6-7.0, P = 0.004) in the daughters of mothers whose interspinous diameter was greater than 27 cm. Among mothers who had an early menarche, each measure of broad hips was associated with increased risk of ovarian cancer in their daughters. We postulate that ovarian cancer is initiated by exposure of the fetal ovary to maternal sex hormones. Concentrations of these hormones may be higher in mothers who had an early menarche. The maternal sex hormone profile that initiates ovarian cancer may be the product of poor nutrition and growth in early childhood followed by catch-up pre-pubertal growth. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 20:659-662, 2008. (C) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.://000260204000005VBarker, David J. P. Osmond, Clive Thornburg, Kent L. Kajantie, Eero Eriksson, Johan G. 1042-0533ISI:0002602040000051.80510.1002/ajhb.20789I|?dStolzenberg-Solomon, R. Z. Weinstein, S. Pollak, M. Tao, Y. Z. Taylor, P. R. Virtamo, J. Albanes, D.2008SPrediagnostic Adiponectin Concentrations and Pancreatic Cancer Risk in Male Smokers 1047-1055 American Journal of Epidemiology1689ArticleNovAdiponectin, a hormone secreted by adipocytes, has insulin-sensitizing, antidiabetic, antiinflammatory, and antiangiogenic properties. The authors conducted a nested case-control study in the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study cohort, a cohort of male Finnish smokers aged 50-69 years at baseline, to test whether prediagnostic adiponectin concentrations are associated with pancreatic cancer. Between January 1985 and October 2004, 311 incident exocrine pancreatic cancer cases were diagnosed among cohort participants with serum samples. Controls (n = 510) were alive and free of cancer at the time the case was diagnosed and were matched to the cases by age and date of blood drawing. The authors used conditional logistic regression adjusted for smoking, blood pressure, and C-peptide level to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for pancreatic cancer. Higher adiponectin concentrations were inversely associated with pancreatic cancer (for highest quintile (> 9.8 mu g/mL) vs. lowest (<= 4.6 mu g/mL), odds ratio = 0.65, 95% confidence interval: 0.39, 1.07; P-trend = 0.04). The inverse association was significant among cases diagnosed 5 or more years after blood collection (n = 238) (for highest quintile vs. lowest, odds ratio = 0.55, 95% confidence interval: 0.31, 0.98; P-trend = 0.03). These results support the hypothesis that higher adiponectin concentrations may be inversely associated with the development of pancreatic cancer.://000260380900010Stolzenberg-Solomon, Rachael Z. Weinstein, Stephanie Pollak, Michael Tao, Yuzhen Taylor, Philip R. Virtamo, Jarmo Albanes, Demetrius 0002-9262ISI:0002603809000105.285 s10096-008-0523-5 ajog.2008.04.013 0950268807009661 urnal.pmed.0050074 F.0b013e3181723751 02/eji.200838437 /j.tox.2008.06.014 .0034 [doi]Eng .503 [doi]Eng  1093/hmg/ddn227 0908 [doi]Eng 43592007533.000 0.2337/db08-0516  38/oby.2008.235 824-08 [doi]Eng 920.2008.01723.x schres.2008.06.022 00414-008-0250-6 .30905 [doi]Eng /s11239-007-0072-2 09700001712.058 j.jaci.2008.06.035  ournal.pmed.0050051 30890 [doi]Eng accine.2008.07.033Snalyzed by conditional logistic regression. In the final multivariate model, maternal asthma, young age, smoking, previous miscarriages, and a high number of previous deliveries, as well as cesarean section, low gestational age, and low ponderal index, were associated with an increased risk of asthma in children diagnosed before the age of 3 years. Among children diagnosed at the age of 3 years or later, maternal asthma, low gestational age, and low ponderal index were associated with an increased risk, and a high number of previous deliveries was associated with a decreased risk of asthma. In conclusion, perinatal factors play a role in the development of asthma in childhood, but the etiology may differ in early and late-onset asthma.://000257394800006pMetsala, Johanna Kilkkinen, Annamari Kaila, Minna Tapanainen, Heli Klaukka, Timo Gissler, Mika Virtanen, Suvi M. 0002-9262ISI:00025739480000610.1093/aje/kwn105|?Ege, M. J. Herzum, I. Buchele, G. Krauss-Etschmann, S. Lauener, R. P. Bitter, S. Roponen, M. Remes, S. Vuitton, D. A. Riedler, J. Brunekreef, B. Dalphin, J. C. Braun-Fahrlander, C. Pekkanen, J. Renz, H. von Mutius, E.2008sSpecific IgE to allergens in cord blood is associated with maternal immunity to Toxoplasma gondii and rubella virus 1505-1511Allergy6311ArticleNov Background: Various studies have found reduced prevalences of atopic sensitization and atopic diseases in children previously exposed to infections or living conditions with a high microbial burden, such as the farming environment. Objective: We sought to determine the relationships of cord blood immunoglobulin E (IgE) with maternal health conditions before and during pregnancy. Methods: Pregnant women living in rural areas in five European countries were recruited in the third trimester of pregnancy. Information on maternal health during pregnancy was collected from maternity records and by questionnaires (n = 497). Specific IgE for inhalant and food allergens was assessed in cord blood and peripheral blood samples of the mothers. Results: Inverse associations of cord blood IgE to seasonal allergens with positive maternal records for Toxoplasma gondii (adjusted odds ratio = 0.37 [0.17-0.81]) and rubella virus (adjusted odds ratio = 0.35 [0.13-0.96]) were found. The previously described effect of prenatal farm exposure on IgE to seasonal allergens was partly confounded by a positive maternal record for T. gondii. The number of maternal siblings, maternal contact to cats during pregnancy or during her first year of life, predicted a positive maternal record for T. gondii. Conclusions: Maternal immunity to T. gondii and rubella may impact on atopic sensitization in the fetus. A positive T. gondii record explained the previously identified effect of prenatal farm exposure on IgE to seasonal allergens only to a minor extent.://000259958100012Ege, M. J. Herzum, I. Buechele, G. Krauss-Etschmann, S. Lauener, R. P. Bitter, S. Roponen, M. Remes, S. Vuitton, D. A. Riedler, J. Brunekreef, B. Dalphin, J-C. Braun-Fahrlaender, C. Pekkanen, J. Renz, H. von Mutius, E. 0105-4538ISI:0002599581000125.014 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01793.x|?{Dillner, L. Pagliusi, S. Bray, F. Lorincz, A. Kjaer, S. K. Anttila, A. Iversen, O. E. Dillner, J. Lehtinen, M. Paavonen, J.2008VStrengthening prevention programs to eliminate cervical cancer in the Nordic countries489-498-Acta Obstetricia Et Gynecologica Scandinavica875ReviewDisease trend studies based on birth cohort analysis and serological studies indicate that recent generations have a higher prevalence of oncogenic Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) types, and are likely to be at higher risk of cancer than previous generations. This implies that prevention strategies to protect young populations from HPV-associated cancers need to be strengthened, and hence organized implementation of vaccination and better screening programs are being considered. In this context, randomized large-scale policy evaluations will be instrumental in accelerating disease control and improve effective prevention programs. This report shares experiences from Nordic countries with examples of prevention strategies through vaccination and cervical screening. The same principles as set up for organized programs and new HPV technologies may apply for screening and vaccination as key tools to eliminate cervical cancer in the Nordic countries and globally.://000255440900002Dillner, Lena Pagliusi, Sonia Bray, Freddie Lorincz, Attila Kjaer, Susanne K. Anttila, Ahti Iversen, Ole Eric Dillner, Joakim Lehtinen, Matti Paavonen, Jorma 0001-6349ISI:0002554409000021.27410.1080/00016340801986771|?JSihvola, E. Rose, R. J. Dick, D. M. Pulkkinen, L. Marttunen, M. Kaprio, J.2008Early-onset depressive disorders predict the use of addictive substances in adolescence: a prospective study of adolescent Finnish twins 2045-2053 Addiction10312ArticleDecTo explore the developmental relationships between early-onset depressive disorders and later use of addictive substances. A sample of 1545 adolescent twins was drawn from a prospective, longitudinal study of Finnish adolescent twins with baseline assessments at age 14 years and follow-up at age 17.5 years. At baseline, DSM-IV diagnoses were assessed with a professionally administered adolescent version of Semi-Structured Assessment for Genetics of Alcoholism (C-SSAGA-A). At follow-up, substance use outcomes were assessed via self-reported questionnaire. Early-onset depressive disorders predicted daily smoking [odds ratio (OR) 2.29, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.49-3.50, P < 0.001], smokeless tobacco use (OR = 2.00, 95% CI 1.32-3.04, P = 0.001), frequent illicit drug use (OR = 4.71, 95% CI 1.95-11.37, P = 0.001), frequent alcohol use (OR = 2.02, 95% CI 1.04-3.92, P = 0.037) and recurrent intoxication (OR = 1.83, 95% CI 1.18-2.85, P = 0.007) 3 years later. ORs remained significant after adjustment for comorbidity and exclusion of baseline users. In within-family analysis of depression-discordant co-twins (analyses that control for shared genetic and familial background factors), early-onset depressive disorders at age 14 predicted significantly frequent use of smokeless tobacco and alcohol at age 17.5. Our results suggest important predictive associations between early-onset depressive disorders and addictive substance use, and these associations appear to be independent of shared familial influences.://000260731700029`Sihvola, Elina Rose, Richard J. Dick, Danielle M. Pulkkinen, Lea Marttunen, Mauri Kaprio, Jaakko 0965-2140ISI:0002607317000294.088 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02363.x 0520-008-0410-8 osis.2007.07.035oxlet.2008.06.661 2000-00003 [pii]eng 10.1002/dmrr.877 610.1038/ng.12508.62 [doi]Eng5268000232.102 here.2008.06.039s10666-007-9086-6 045450000752.589 089565 [doi]eng -5448.2008.00413.xPKot9I/**refs.FRM 0B< !// !HPRIMARYyearIndex 6ByP/) idreference_type text_stylesauthoryear title pages secondary_title volume numbernumber_of_volumessecondary_authorplace_published publishersubsidiary_authoredition keywords type_of_workdate2)  abstractlabelurltertiary_titletertiary_author notes isbn custom_1 custom_2 custom_3 custom_4alternate_titleaccession_number call_number short_title custom_5 custom_6sectionoriginal_publicationH) reprint_editionreviewed_itemauthor_addressimagecaption custom_7 electronic_resource_number link_to_pdf translated_author translated_titlename_of_databasedatabase_providerresearch_notes language access_datelast_modified_date !! H!H!H! (H! 3H! >H! IH! TH!_H!jH!uH! H!H!H! H! H!H! H!H!H!H!H! H! H! H! H! %H! 0H!;H!FH! QH! \H! gH! rH!}H!H!H!H!H!H!H! H! H! H! H! H!H! H!H! "H! -H!8H!idreference_typetext_stylesauthoryeartitlepagessecondary_titlevolumenumbernumber_of_volumessecondary_authorplace_publishedpublishersubsidiary_authoreditionkeywordstype_of_workdateabstractlabelurltertiary_titletertiary_authornotesisbncustom_1custom_2custom_3custom_4alternate_titleaccession_numbercall_numbershort_titlecustom_5custom_6sectionoriginal_publicationreprint_editionreviewed_itemauthor_addressimagecaptioncustom_7electronic_resource_numberlink_to_pdftranslated_authortranslated_titlename_of_databasedatabase_providerresearch_noteslanguageaccess_datelast_modified_datePK l":D҄refs.MYDPKot9I/**refs.FRMPKl: