PK(x:C7$$refs.MYDA,|7^Nissinen, K. Mikkila, V. Mannisto, S. Lahti-Koski, M. Rasanen, L. Viikari, J. Raitakari, O. T.2009Sweets and sugar-sweetened soft drink intake in childhood in relation to adult BMI and overweight. The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study1-9Public Health Nutr 2009/05/30May 28XOBJECTIVE: To investigate the associations of BMI and overweight in adulthood with consumption of sweets and sugar-sweetened soft drinks in childhood and with the change in consumption between childhood and adulthood. DESIGN: Longitudinal 21-year follow-up study of Finnish children and adolescents from childhood to adulthood. SETTING: The Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study, comprising participants from both eastern and western Finland. SUBJECTS: Boys (n 967) and girls (n 1172) aged 3-18 years at baseline in 1980. RESULTS: The increase in consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks from childhood to adulthood was directly associated with BMI in adulthood in women (b = 0.45, P = 0.0001) but not in men. In women, BMI increased by 0.45 kg/m2 for every 10-unit increase per month. Consumption of sweets and sugar-sweetened soft drinks in childhood and adolescence was not associated with BMI in adulthood. The change in consumption of sweets was not associated with BMI in adulthood. The increase in the consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks from childhood to adulthood was associated with being overweight (OR = 1.90, 95 % CI 1.38, 2.61) in women, but not in men. No association was found between overweight (BMI >/= 25 kg/m2) in adulthood and consumption of sweets in childhood or the change in consumption from childhood to adulthood. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that direct associations exist between adulthood overweight and BMI and an increase in consumption of sugar-sweetened soft drinks in women. Thus sugar-sweetened soft drinks consumption may be important when considering weight management in women.<Public health nutrition Public Health Nutr. 2009 May 28:1-9.1368-9800 (Electronic)194766781.858c1Nutrition Unit, National Institute for Health and Welfare, PO Box 30, FIN-00271 Helsinki, Finland.7S1368980009005849 [pii] 10.1017/S1368980009005ALF|7SKaarakainen, P. Rintala, H. Vepsalainen, A. Hyvarinen, A. Nevalainen, A. Meklin, T.2009<Microbial content of house dust samples determined with qPCRSci Total Environ 2009/05/29May 25This study was designed to produce information about microbial concentrations using qPCR and their variation in different seasons and home environments with analyses of two types of house dust samples. Also the correlations between the two types of samples and the reproducibility of the parallel subsamples were studied. Two types of vacuumed house dust samples, rug dust and vacuum cleaner bag dust, were collected in 5 normal urban homes in four different seasons (N=20+20). From all dust samples, five parallel subsamples were subjected to qPCR analyses of 17 microbial species or assay groups of microbes. The highest fungal concentrations were found for the Penicillium/Aspergillus/Paecilomyces variotii group, and for the species Aspergillus penicillioides, Aureobasidium pullulans, Cladosporium cladosporioides and Cladosporium herbarum. These species/groups were present in almost all samples. The two types of dust samples gave similar results for most microbial species or groups analyzed, but in general, concentrations were slightly higher in rug dust than in dust from vacuum cleaner bag. Microbial concentrations varied significantly between different seasons and hence the similarity of samples within home was mainly low. The concentrations varied significantly also between different home environments. The reproducibility of the parallel subsamples was good or moderate for most of the analyzed species or assay groups. However, further studies are needed to fully understand the factors causing variation in these methods. Nevertheless, in order to show actual differences in fungal concentrations between urban homes with no known microbial sources, all dust samples to be compared should be taken during the same season.DThe Science of the total environment Sci Total Environ. 2009 May 25.0048-9697 (Print)194736902.182zNational Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Environmental Health, Neulaniementie 4, FI-70210 KUOPIO, Finland.AS0048-9697(09)00419-7 [pii] 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04@F|7@Tallila, J. Salonen, R. Kohlschmidt, N. Peltonen, L. Kestila, M.2009^Mutation spectrum of Meckel syndrome genes: one group of syndromes or several distinct groups? Hum Mutat 2009/05/26May 22Meckel syndrome (MKS) is a lethal malformation syndrome that belongs to the group of disorders that are associated with primary cilia dysfunction. Total of five genes are known to be involved in the molecular background of MKS. Here we have systematically analyzed all these genes in a total of 29 MKS families. Seven of the families were Finnish and the rest originated from elsewhere in Europe. We found 12 novel mutations in 13 families. Mutations in the MKS genes are also found in other syndromes and it seems reasonable to assume that there is a correlation between the syndromes and the mutations. To obtain some supportive information, we collected all the previously published mutations in the genes to see whether the different syndromes are dictated by the nature of the mutations. Based on this study, mutations play a role in the clinical phenotype, given that the same allelic combination of mutations has never been reported in two clinically distinct syndromes. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.&Human mutation Hum Mutat. 2009 May 22.1098-1004 (Electronic)194667126.273National Institute of Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Unit and FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki 00290, Finland.10.1002/humu F|76Paavonen, E. J. Porkka-Heiskanen, T. Lahikainen, A. R.2009KSleep quality, duration and behavioral symptoms among 5-6-year-old childrenEur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2009/05/26May 24The objective of the present study was to examine whether parent-reported short sleep duration and sleeping difficulties are related to behavioral symptoms among pre-school aged children. The study is a cross-sectional survey of 297 families with 5-6-year-old children. The Sleep Disturbance Scale for children was used to measure sleep duration and sleeping difficulties, and the Child Behavior Checklist and Teacher's Report Form were used to measure attention problems, and internalizing and externalizing symptoms. In multivariate logistic regression models, short sleep duration was according to parental reports related to inattention (adjusted odds ratio 4.70, 95% CI 1.58-14.00), internalizing (adjusted odds ratio 3.84, 95% CI 1.32-11.21), and total psychiatric symptoms (adjusted odds ratio 3.53, 95% CI 1.23-10.17) while according to teacher's reports it was almost significantly related to internalizing symptoms (adjusted odds ratio 4.20, 95% CI 0.86-20.51). Sleeping difficulties were strongly related to all subtypes of psychiatric symptoms according to parental reports (adjusted odds ratios ranging from 6.47 to 11.71) and to externalizing symptoms according to teachers' reports (adjusted odds ratio 7.35, 95% CI 1.69-32.08). Both short sleep duration and sleeping difficulties are associated with children's behavioral symptoms. Intervention studies are needed to study whether children's behavioral symptoms can be reduced by lengthening sleep duration or improving sleep quality.QEuropean child & adolescent psychiatry Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2009 May 24.1435-165X (Electronic)194664751.992Child and Adolescent Mental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, Lintulahdenkuja 4, 00271, Helsinki, Finland, juulia.paavonen@helsinki.fi.10.1007/s00787-009- Aplander, K. Tang, H. Myles, S. Jakkula, E. Timpson, N. J. Cavalli-Sforza, L. Peltonen, L.2009wWorldwide patterns of haplotype diversity at 9p21.3, a locus associated with type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease51 Genome Med15 2009/05/26May 12ABSTRACT: A 100 kb region on 9p21.3 harbors two major disease susceptibility loci: one for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and one for coronary heart disease (CHD). The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with these two diseases in Europeans reside on two adjacent haplotype blocks with independent effects on disease. To help delimit the regions that likely harbor the disease-causing variants in populations of non-European origin, we studied the haplotype diversity and allelic history of the 9p21.3 region using 938 unrelated individuals from 51 populations (Human Genome Diversity Panel). We used SNP data from Illumina's 650Y SNP arrays supplemented with five additional SNPs within the region of interest. Haplotype frequencies were analyzed with the EM algorithm implemented in PLINK. For the T2D locus, the TT risk haplotype of SNPs rs10811661 and rs10757283 was present at similar frequencies in all global populations, while a shared 6-SNP haplotype that carries the protective C allele of rs10811661 was found at a frequency of 2.9% in Africans and 41.3% in East Asians and was associated with low haplotype diversity. For the CHD locus, all populations shared a core risk haplotype spanning >17.5 kb, which shows dramatic increase in frequency between African (11.5%) and Middle Eastern (63.7%) populations. Interestingly, two SNPs (rs2891168 and rs10757278) tagging this CHD risk haplotype are most strongly associated with CHD disease status according to independent clinical fine-mapping studies. The large variation in linkage disequilibrium patterns identified between the populations demonstrates the importance of allelic background data when selecting SNPs for replication in global populations. Intriguingly, the protective allele for T2D and the risk allele for CHD show an increase in frequency in non-Africans compared to Africans, implying different population histories for these two adjacent disease loci.0Genome medicine Genome Med. 2009 May 12;1(5):51.1756-994X (Electronic)19463184Institute of Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, and Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland. kaisa.silander@thl.fi.gm51 [pii] 10.1186/gm51 [doi]EngzkF|7NSuominen, K. Mantere, O. Valtonen, H. Arvilommi, P. Leppamaki, S. Isometsa, E.20094Gender differences in bipolar disorder type I and IIActa Psychiatr Scand 2009/05/30May 20Objective: We investigated gender differences in bipolar disorder (BD) type I and II in a representative cohort of secondary care psychiatric in- and out-patients. Method: In the prospective, naturalistic Jorvi Bipolar Study of 191 secondary care psychiatric in- and out-patients, 160 patients (85.1%) could be followed up for 18 months with a life chart. Results: After adjusting for confounders, no marked differences in illness-related characteristics were found. However, female patients with BD had more lifetime comorbid eating disorders (P < 0.001, OR = 5.99, 95% CI 2.12-16.93) but less substance use disorders (P < 0.001, OR = 0.29, 95% CI 0.16-0.56) than males. Median time to recurrence after remission was 3.1 months longer among men than women, female gender carrying a higher hazard of recurrence (P = 0.006, HR = 2.00, 95% CI 1.22-3.27). Conclusion: Men and women with type I and II BD have fairly similar illness-related clinical characteristics, but their profile of comorbid disorders may differ significantly, particularly regarding substance use and eating disorders. In medium-term follow-up, females appear to have a higher hazard of recurrence than males.AActa psychiatrica Scandinavica Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2009 May 20.1600-0447 (Electronic)194764533.782fDepartment of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.4ACP1407 [pii] 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.0140 @F|7EGranat, S. M. Ollgren, J. Herva, E. Mia, Z. Auranen, K. Makela, P. H.2009\Epidemiological Evidence for Serotype-Independent Acquired Immunity to Pneumococcal Carriage J Infect Dis 2009/05/28May 26Background. Asymptomatic nasopharyngeal carriage is the main reservoir for transmission of Streptococcus pneumoniae. The rate of both carriage and pneumococcal disease decreases with age. To what extent these changes are the result of developing natural immunity is currently a subject of debate. Objective. To study the hypothesis that previous carriage induces serotype-independent protective immunity to new colonization. Methods. We compared the rates of pneumococcal acquisition for children with different previous carriage histories. We identified 435 episodes of carriage during the first year of life in follow-up data for 99 Bangladeshi children. Cox regression analysis was adjusted for serotype-specific exposure within the family and other confounding factors. Results. Previous pneumococcal carriage was associated with serotype-independent protection from subsequent acquisition (hazard ratio, 0.60 [95% confidence interval, 0.39-0.90]), whereas recent serotype-specific exposure within the family was associated with an 8-fold increase in the rate of acquisition for that serotype. Conclusion. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that serotype-independent protective immunity is stimulated in young children by previous pneumococcal carriage and reduces the rate of new colonization. This immunity has the potential to modulate the development of carriage, irrespective of the colonizing serotype, and to do so starting early in infancy.=The Journal of infectious diseases J Infect Dis. 2009 May 26.0022-1899 (Print)194697056.035National Public Health Institute, Department of Vaccines, Helsinki, and 2National Public Health Institute, Oulu, Finland; 3Gonoshasthaya Vaccine Research Laboratory and 4Department of Microbiology, Gono Bishwabidyalay University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh.10.1086/5&F|7Kieseppa, T. Eerola, M. Mantyla, R. Neuvonen, T. Poutanen, V. P. Luoma, K. Tuulio-Henriksson, A. Jylha, P. Mantere, O. Melartin, T. Rytsala, H. Vuorilehto, M. Isometsa, E.2009~Major depressive disorder and white matter abnormalities: A diffusion tensor imaging study with tract-based spatial statisticsJ Affect Disord 2009/05/27May 23BACKGROUND: A few diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) studies have shown abnormalities in areas of white matter tracts involved in mood regulation in geriatric depressive patients, using a region-of-interest technique. A voxel-based morphometry DTI study of young depressive patients reported similar results. In this study, we explored the structure of the white matter of the whole brain with DTI in middle-aged major depressive disorder (MDD) patients, using novel tract-based spatial statistics. METHODS: Sixteen MDD patients and 20 controls underwent DTI. An automated tract-based spatial method (TBSS) was used to analyze the scans. RESULTS: Compared with controls, the MDD patients showed a trend for lower values of fractional anisotropy (FA) in the left sagittal stratum, and suggestive decreased FA in the right cingulate cortex and posterior body of corpus callosum. Regressing out the duration and severity of disorder in the model did not change the finding in the sagittal stratum, but dissipated the decrease of FA in latter regions. LIMITATIONS: Possibly by reason of a relatively small study sample for a TBSS, the results are suggestive, and should be replicated in further studies. CONCLUSIONS: A novel observer-independent DTI method showed decreased FA in the middle-aged MDD patients in white matter regions that have previously connected to the emotional regulation. Lower FA might imply underlying structural abnormalities that contribute to the dysfunction detected in the limbic-cortical network of depressive patients.<Journal of affective disorders J Affect Disord. 2009 May 23.1573-2517 (Electronic)194675593.144Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, National Public Heath Institute, Finland; Department of Psychiatry, HUCH, Finland.;S0165-0327(09)00173-6 [pii] 10.1016/j.jad.2009.04.023 [doi]Eng .21057 [doi]Eng 99364 [doi]Eng 1.040 [doi]eng laging.2007.09.012  849 [doi]Eng .046 [doi]Eng8e that belongs to the group of disorders that are associated with primary cilia dysfunction. Total of five genes are known to be involved in the molecular background of MKS. Here we have systematically analyzed all these genes in a total of 29 MKS families. Seven of the families were Finnish and the rest originated from elsewhere in Europe. We found 12 novel mutations in 13 families. Mutations in the MKS genes are also found in other syndromes and it seems reasonable to assume that there is a correlation between the syndromes and the mutations. To obtain some supportive information, we collected all the previously published mutations in the genes to see whether the different syndromes are dictated by the nature of the mutations. Based on this study, mutations play a role in the clinical phenotype, given that the same allelic combination of mutations has never been reported in two clinically distinct syndromes. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.&Human mutation Hum Mutat. 2009 May 22.1098-1004 (Electronic)19466712National Institute of Health and Welfare, Public Health Genomics Unit and FIMM, Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, Helsinki 00290, Finland.10.1002/humu.21057 [doi]Eng ||7 ZSilander, K. Tang, H. Myles, S. Jakkula, E. Timpson, N. J. Cavalli-Sforza, L. Peltonen, L.2009wWorldwide patterns of haplotype diversity at 9p21.3, a locus associated with type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease51 Genome Med15 2009/05/26May 12ABSTRACT: A 100 kb region on 9p21.3 harbors two major disease susceptibility loci: one for type 2 diabetes (T2D) and one for coronary heart disease (CHD). The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with these two diseases in Europeans reside on two adjacent haplotype blocks with independent effects on disease. To help delimit the regions that likely harbor the disease-causing variants in populations of non-European origin, we studied the haplotype diversity and allelic history of the 9p21.3 region using 938 unrelated individuals from 51 populations (Human Genome Diversity Panel). We used SNP data from Illumina's 650Y SNP arrays supplemented with five additional SNPs within the region of interest. Haplotype frequencies were analyzed with the EM algorithm implemented in PLINK. For the T2D locus, the TT risk haplotype of SNPs rs10811661 and rs10757283 was present at similar frequencies in all global populations, while a shared 6-SNP haplotype that carries the protective C allele of rs10811661 was found at a frequency of 2.9% in Africans and 41.3% in East Asians and was associated with low haplotype diversity. For the CHD locus, all populations shared a core risk haplotype spanning >17.5 kb, which shows dramatic increase in frequency between African (11.5%) and Middle Eastern (63.7%) populations. Interestingly, two SNPs (rs2891168 and rs10757278) tagging this CHD risk haplotype are most strongly associated with CHD disease status according to independent clinical fine-mapping studies. The large variation in linkage disequilibrium patterns identified between the populations demonstrates the importance of allelic background data when selecting SNPs for replication in global populations. Intriguingly, the protective allele for T2D and the risk allele for CHD show an increase in frequency in non-Africans compared to Africans, implying different population histories for these two adjacent disease loci.0Genome medicine Genome Med. 2009 May 12;1(5):51.1756-994X (Electronic)19463184Institute of Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, and Unit of Public Health Genomics, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland. kaisa.silander@thl.fi.gm51 [pii] 10.1186/gm51 [doi]Eng  ||7 MHalonen, J. I. Lanki, T. Yli-Tuomi, T. Tiittanen, P. Kulmala, M. Pekkanen, J.2009iParticulate air pollution and acute cardiorespiratory hospital admissions and mortality among the elderly143-53 Epidemiology201 2009/02/24 Aged Arrhythmias, Cardiac/ mortality Coronary Disease/ mortality Finland/epidemiology Hospitalization/ trends Humans Particulate Matter/adverse effects/ analysis Poisson Distribution Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/mortality Stroke/ mortality Vital StatisticsJanRBACKGROUND: It is known that particulate air pollution affects cardiorespiratory health; however, it is unclear which particle size fractions and sources of particles are responsible for the health effects. METHODS: Daily levels of nucleation (<0.03 microm), Aitken (0.03-0.1 microm), accumulation (0.1-0.29 microm), and coarse mode (2.5-10 microm) particles, particles with diameter <2.5 microm (PM2.5), and gaseous pollutants were measured at central outdoor measurement sites in Helsinki, Finland between 1998 and 2004. We determined the associations of particles with daily cardiorespiratory mortality and acute hospital admissions among the elderly (>or=65 years). For the analyses we used Poisson generalized additive models and for the source apportionment of PM2.5 we used the EPA positive matrix factorization method. RESULTS: There was a suggestion of an association of hospital admissions for arrhythmia with Aitken mode particles and PM2.5 from traffic. Otherwise few associations were observed between various sizes and types of particles and either cardiovascular admissions or mortality. In contrast, most particle fractions had positive associations with admissions for pneumonia and asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The strongest and most consistent associations were found for accumulation mode particles (3.1%; 95% confidence interval = 0.43-5.8 for pneumonia over the 5-day mean, and 3.8%; 1.3-6.3 for asthma-COPD at lag 0, for an interquartile increase in particles). We also found a positive association of respiratory mortality mainly with accumulation mode particles (5.1%; 1.2-9.0 at lag 0). CONCLUSIONS: All particle fractions including Aitken, accumulation, and coarse mode had especially adverse respiratory health effects among the elderly. Overall associations were stronger for respiratory than for cardiovascular outcomes.Halonen, Jaana I Lanki, Timo Yli-Tuomi, Tarja Tiittanen, Pekka Kulmala, Markku Pekkanen, Juha Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't United States Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.) Epidemiology. 2009 Jan;20(1):143-53.1531-5487 (Electronic)192344035.283lEnvironmental Epidemiology Unit, National Public Health Institute KTL, Kuopio, Finland. jaana.halonen@ktl.fiA10.1097/EDE.0b013e31818c7237 [doi] 00001648-200901000@||7 Lahti, T. A. Partonen, T.2009 CREM mutations and ADHD symptoms544-5Med Hypotheses725 2009/02/10Animals Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/drug therapy/genetics/ physiopathology Cyclic AMP Response Element Modulator/ genetics Humans Melatonin/urine Methylphenidate/therapeutic use Mice Mice, Knockout MutationMayCREM mutant mice have behaviors similar to symptoms seen in ADHD such as the increased level of physical activity as well as altered emotional and stress responses. Our results demonstrate that all the four participants with ADHD had elevated levels of nocturnal melatonin in urine samples before starting the methylphenidate treatment. We hypothesize that abnormalities in CREM protein functions or mutations in the CREM gene may be underlying at least some of the symptoms in patients with ADHD.pLahti, Tuuli A Partonen, Timo Scotland Medical hypotheses Med Hypotheses. 2009 May;72(5):544-5. Epub 2009 Feb 6.1532-2777 (Electronic)192011031.276National Public Health Institute, Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research, Mannerheimintie 166, FI-00300 Helsinki, Finland.<S0306-9877(09)00025-5 [pii] 10.1016/j.mehy.2008.1 +lly treated patients. In theory, these negative outcomes could have been avoided by investing Euro1688 more in the surgical treatment. Medical treatment of miscarriage was not more cost-effective, when the adverse events were considered. As neither of these two methods was economically superior, the treatment choice should be made on an individual basis by respecting the patient's choice.://0002659341000134Niinimaki, M. Karinen, P. Hartikainen, A-L Pouta, A. 1470-0328ISI:0002659341000132.666 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2009.02161.x8|?:mChapman, A. Bunker, S. Dunbar, J. Philpot, B. McNamara, K. Baird, A. Vartiainen, E. Laatikainen, T. Janus, E.2009&Rural smokers A prevention opportunity352-+Australian Family Physician385ArticleMayxBackground Smoking is the largest single cause of preventable death and disease in Australia. This study describes smoking prevalence and the characteristics of rural smokers to guide general practitioners in targeting particular groups. Methods Cross sectional surveys in the Greater Green Triangle region of southeast Australia using a random population sample (n=1563, participation rate 48.7%) aged 25-74 years. Smoking information was assessed by a self administered questionnaire. Results Complete smoking data were available for 1494 participants, Overall age adjusted current smoking prevalence was 14.9% (95% CI: 13.1-16.7). In both genders, current smoking prevalence decreased with age. Those aged 25-44 years were more likely to want to stop smoking and to have attempte @origin women participated substantially in prenatal care. Interventions performed or needed during pregnancy and childbirth varied between ethnic groups. Women of African and Somali origin had most health problems resulted in the highest perinatal mortality rates. Women from East Europe, the Middle East, North Africa and Somalia had a significant risk of low birth weight and small for gestational age newborns. Most premature newborns were found among women from the Middle East, North Africa and South Asia. Primiparous women from Africa, Somalia and Latin America and Caribbean had most caesarean sections while newborns of Latin American origin had more interventions after birth. Conclusion: Despite good general coverage of maternal care among migrant origin women, there were clear variations in the type of treatment given to them or needed by them. African origin women had the most health problems during pregnancy and childbirth and the worst perinatal outcomes indicating the urgent need of targeted preventive and special care. These study results do not confirm either healthy migrant effect or epidemiological paradox according to which migrant origin women have considerable good birth outcomes.://000265926500001Malin, Maili Gissler, Mika 1471-2458ISI:0002659265000011.63384 10.1186/1471-2458-9-84`|?96Niinimaki, M. Karinen, P. Hartikainen, A. L. Pouta, A.2009]Treating miscarriages: a randomised study of cost-effectiveness in medical or surgical choice984-990;Bjog-an International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology1167ArticleJunFThe aim was to carry out a cost effectiveness analysis (CEA) of medical and surgical treatment of miscarriage using quantitative and qualitative indicators. A prospective study where the data of the clinical course of the treatment and the patients` experiences (pain and satisfaction) were collected from a previous randomised study. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland. Ninety-eight eligible women with a diagnosed miscarriage. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was calculated by using institutional prices (provider's aspect) of the medical care and the number of patients who experienced pain, dissatisfaction or unsuccessful treatment while treated for the miscarriage. Primary (uncomplicated treatment) and secondary (complications and other unplanned events) costs of the treatments. Primary costs of the surgical treatment were higher, but the more frequent unplanned events and complications in the medical group brought the costs to the same level. In the medical group, based on the ICER, 12 patients more experienced pain, 7 patients more were dissatisfied with the treatment and 5 patients more had unsuccessful treatment compared with surgica P, Peter Qiao, Qing 1475-2840ISI:00026600340000117 10.1186/1475-2840-8-17 k+fTF|?8Malin, M. Gissler, M.2009GMaternal care and birth outcomes among ethnic minority women in FinlandBmc Public Health9ArticleMarIBackground: Care during pregnancy and labour is of great importance in every culture. Studies show that people of migrant origin have barriers to obtaining accessible and good quality care compared to people in the host society. The aim of this study is to compare the access to and use of maternity services, and their outcomes among ethnic minority women having a singleton birth in Finland. Methods: The study is based on data from the Finnish Medical Birth Register in 1999-2001 linked with the information of Statistics Finland on woman's country of birth, citizenship and mother tongue. Our study data included 6,532 women of foreign origin (3.9% of all singletons) giving singleton birth in Finland during 1999-2001 (compared to 158,469 Finnish origin singletons). Results: Most women have migrated during the last fifteen years, mainly from Russia, Baltic countries, Somalia and East Europe. Migrant o-candidiasis-ectodermal dystrophy (APECED). However, it is not known whether Aire is needed for normal gamma delta T cell development. We show that Aire(-/-) mice have a normal frequency of gamma delta T cells, with TCR repertoire comparable to that of wild-type mice, and normal amount of TCR C delta mRNA in ileum and skin. gamma delta T cells did not express increased amounts of CD25 or display hyperproliferation, and were not involved in pathological salivary gland infiltrates. Lastly, the frequency of circulating gamma delta T cells was similar in APECED patients and healthy controls. These data indicate that gamma delta T cells develop independently of Aire and are unlikely to have a significant pathogenetic or protective role in APECED. The antigens responsible for gamma delta and alpha beta T cell selection are thus probably largely different. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.://000265966300002yTuovinen, Heli Pontynen, Nora Gylling, Mikhail Kekalainen, Eliisa Perheentupa, Jaakko Miettinen, Aaro Arstila, T. Petteri 0008-8749ISI:0002659663000021.80810.1016/j.cellimm.2009.01.012q|F|?7\Hyvarinen, M. Tuomilehto, J. Laatikainen, T. Soderberg, S. Eliasson, M. Nilsson, P. Qiao, Q.2009pThe impact of diabetes on coronary heart disease differs from that on ischaemic stroke with regard to the genderCardiovascular Diabetology8ArticleMarBackground: To study the diabetes related CVD risk between men and women of different ages. Methods: Hazards ratios (HRs) (95%CI) for acute CHD and ischaemic stroke events were estimated based on data of Finnish and Swedish cohorts of 5111 women and 4167 men. Results: 182 (3.6%) women and 348 (8.4%) men had CHD and 129 (2.5%) women and 137 (3.3%) men ischaemic stroke events. The multivariate adjusted HRs for acute CHD at age groups of 40-49, 50-59 and 60-69 years were 1.00 (1.94), 1.78 (4.23), 3.75 (8.40) in women (men) without diabetes and 4.35 (5.40), 5.49 (9.54) and 8.84 (13.76) in women (men) with diabetes. The corresponding HRs for ischaemic stroke were 1.00 (1.26), 2.48 (2.83) and 5.17 (5.11) in women (men) without diabetes and 4.14 (4.91), 3.32 (6.75) and 13.91 (18.06) in women (men) with diabetes, respectively. Conclusion: CHD risk was higher in men than in women but difference reduced in diabetic population. Diabetes, however, increased stroke risk more in men than in women.://000266003400001tHyvarinen, Marjukka Tuomilehto, Jaakko Laatikainen, Tiina Soderberg, Stefan Eliasson, Mats Nilsson  and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Both calves and adults were Studied. Individual reindeer and moose meat samples and pooled reindeer calf meat samples were collected from the northern, the middle, and the southern reindeer herding regions in Finland. Samples represented the edible parts of carcasses. In individual samples of reindeer the fat based WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-'FEQ concentration was oil average 3.2 pg g(-1) in calves and 2.3 pg g(-1) in adults. In moose calves the fat based WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ concentration ( 1.9 pg g(-1)) was lower than in reindeer calves. WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ concentration in the adult moose samples was equal as in the adult reindeer samples. The mean fat based WHO-PCDD/F-PCB-TEQ concentration was highest in reindeer calf samples from the middle region. These samples contained also the highest content of fat. Individual samples of reindeer contained on average more WHO-PCB-TEQ than WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ, while the opposite was true for moose samples, and also samples of adult reindeer from the Southern area. The contributions of PCDD/Fs and PCBs to the total TEQ were similar in the reindeer calves' pooled samples which were collected from more western regions than individual samples. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000265965800009VSuutari, Anniina Ruokojarvi, Paivi Hallikainen, Anja Kiviranta, Hannu Laaksonen, Sauli 0045-6535ISI:0002659658000092.739!10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.01.013kv|?6aTuovinen, H. Pontynen, N. Gylling, M. Kekalainen, E. Perheentupa, J. Miettinen, A. Arstila, T. P.20091gamma delta T cells develop independently of Aire5-12Cellular Immunology2571-2ArticleMutations in the transcriptional regulator Aire disrupt thymic alpha beta T cell selection, causing in humans Autoimmune polyendocrinopathyW|?4Erkkola, M. Kaila, M. Nwaru, B. I. Kronberg-Kippila, C. Ahonen, S. Nevalainen, J. Veijola, R. Pekkanen, J. Ilonen, J. Simell, O. Knip, M. Virtanen, S. M.2009{Maternal vitamin D intake during pregnancy is inversely associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis in 5-year-old children875-882!Clinical and Experimental Allergy396ArticleJunVitamin D is known to have a number of immunological effects and it may play a role in preventing allergic diseases. To study the effect of maternal intake of vitamin D during pregnancy on the emergence of asthma, allergic rhinitis (AR), and atopic eczema by the age of 5 years in children with HLA-DQB1-conferred susceptibility for type 1 diabetes. Children (1669) participating in the population-based birth cohort study were followed for asthma, AR, and atopic eczema assessed by validated questionnaire at 5 years. Maternal diet was assessed by a food-frequency questionnaire. The mean maternal intake of vitamin D was 5.1 (SD 2.6) mu g from food and 1.4 (2.6) mu g from supplements. Only 32% of the women were taking vitamin D supplements. When adjusted for potential confounders, maternal intake of vitamin D from food was negatively related to risk of asthma [hazard ratio (HR) 0.80; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.64-0.99] and AR [HR 0.85; 95% CI 0.75-0.97]. Vitamin D supplements alone were not associated with any outcome. Adjustment for maternal intake of other dietary factors did not change the results. Maternal vitamin D intake from foods during pregnancy may be negatively associated with risk of asthma and AR in childhood.://000266015200014Erkkola, M. Kaila, M. Nwaru, B. I. Kronberg-Kippila, C. Ahonen, S. Nevalainen, J. Veijola, R. Pekkanen, J. Ilonen, J. Simell, O. Knip, M. Virtanen, S. M. 0954-7894ISI:0002660152000143.729 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2009.03234.x |?5FSuutari, A. Ruokojarvi, P. Hallikainen, A. Kiviranta, H. Laaksonen, S.2009Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls in semi-domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) and wild moose (Alces alces) meat in Finland617-622 Chemosphere755ArticleMayvSemi-domesticated reindeer and wild moose meat samples were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins cause any serious adverse effects during such a period. However, serum a-tocopherol levels were somewhat reduced in the sterol group suggesting that long-term effects of plant sterols on serum fat-soluble vitamin concentrations should be further explored, especially in relation to very low-fat diets. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2009) 63, 684-691; doi:10.1038/ejcn.2008.11; published online 13 February 2008://000265821500014Tuomilehto, J. Tikkanen, M. J. Hogstrom, P. Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S. Piironen, V. Toivo, J. Salonen, J. T. Nyyssonen, K. Stenman, U-H Alfthan, H. Karppanen, H. 0954-3007ISI:0002658215000142.32610.1038/ejcn.2008.112|?3jKantele, J. M. Savilahti, E. Westerholm-Ormio, M. Pakkanen, S. Arvilommi, H. S. Reunala, T. Kantele, A. M.2009Decreased numbers of circulating plasmablasts and differences in IgA1-plasmablast homing to skin in coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis535-541$Clinical and Experimental Immunology1563ArticleJunThe two clinical phenotypes of gluten enteropathy, coeliac disease (CD) and dermatitis herpetiformis (DH), were characterized for numbers and homing profiles of circulating final effector B cells, plasmablasts, identified as immunoglobulin (Ig)-secreting cells (ISC). In CD, the numbers of ISC were similar to 50% lower than in DH or controls. ISC expressed peripheral lymph node homing receptor (HR), L-selectin, less frequently in CD (54%) and DH (52%) patients than in controls (70%). The expression of gut mucosal HR, alpha(4)beta(7), was less frequent in CD (42%) than in DH (65%) or controls (60%). In DH, but not in CD or controls, a higher proportion of IgA1-ISC (40%) than IgA2-ISC (25%) expressed the skin HR, cutaneous lymphocyte-associated antigen. In gluten enteropathy circulating plasmablasts are more mature, but decreased in number, and have distorted homing profiles. Differential IgA1-plasmablast homing could be associated with the development of skin rash with IgA1-deposits in DH but not in CD.://000265883400021jKantele, J. M. Savilahti, E. Westerholm-Ormio, M. Pakkanen, S. Arvilommi, H. S. Reunala, T. Kantele, A. M. 0009-9104ISI:0002658834000212.599 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2009.03922.x 635ArticleMayXBackground/Objectives: To assess safety during a diet based on low-fat foods enriched with nonesterified wood-derived plant sterols and mineral nutrients related to serum phytosterol, sex hormone and fat-soluble vitamin metabolism. Subjects/Methods: Seventy-one study participants (52 women, 19 men) with mild-to-moderate hypercholesterolemia completed the double-blind, placebo-controlled feeding trial lasting for 15 weeks. The subjects were randomly allocated to the sterol group receiving food items enriched with mineral nutrients as well as with a total of 1.25, 2.5 and 5.0 g per day of plant sterols during the first, second and third 5-week periods, respectively, or to the placebo group receiving similar food items without plant sterols. This outpatient clinical trial with free-living subjects was carried out at two hospital clinics. Results: Two significant findings were observed. Serum sitosterol concentrations increased from 2.84 to 5.35 mg l(-1) (P < 0.004 vs placebo) but those of serum total plant sterols did not because of compensatory changes in other phytosterols. The highest plant sterol levels did not exceed 0.6% of total serum sterols. Serum a-tocopherol concentrations decreased in the sterol group by 10% (P < 0.0002), but the between-group difference disappeared after adjusting for the change in the carrier (LDL cholesterol). Conclusions: Fifteen-week consumption of natural nonesterified plant sterol-enriched food does not d using postal survey methods. A range of validated theories will be used as a framework for the questionnaire instruments. Data relating to a range of dimensions of the organisational structure of primary care will be collected via a telephone interview at each practice using a structured interview schedule. We will also collect data relating to the processes of care, markers of biochemical control, and relevant indicator scores from the quality and outcomes framework (QOF). Process data (as a proxy indicator of clinical behaviours) will be collected from practice databases and via a postal questionnaire survey of a random selection of patients from each practice. Levels of biochemical control will be extracted from practice databases. A series of analyses will be conducted to relate the individual, team, and organisational data to the process, control, and QOF data to identify configurations associated with high quality care. Study registration: UKCRN ref: DRN120 (ICPD)://000266043600001Eccles, Martin P. Hawthorne, Gillian Johnston, Marie Hunter, Margaret Steen, Nick Francis, Jill Hrisos, Susan Elovainio, Marko Grimshaw, Jeremy M. 1748-5908ISI:00026604360000122 10.1186/1748-5908-4-22 C|?2Tuomilehto, J. Tikkanen, M. J. Hogstrom, P. Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, S. Piironen, V. Toivo, J. Salonen, J. T. Nyyssonen, K. Stenman, U. H. Alfthan, H. Karppanen, H.2009SSafety assessment of common foods enriched with natural nonesterified plant sterols684-691&European Journal of Clinical Nutrition  % CI 0.98-1,090). We report the first direct evidence that interplay or maternal steroid hormones in the early pregnancy is important in the etiology of TC in the offspring. (C) 2009 UICC://000265997500022Holl, Katsiaryna Lundin, Eva Surcel, Helja-Marja Grankvist, Kjell Koskela, Pentti Dillner, Joakim Hallmans, Goran Wadell, Goran Olafsdottir, Gudridur H. Ogmundsdottir, Helga M. Pukkala, Eero Lehtinen, Matti Stattin, Par Lukanova, Annekatrin 0020-7136ISI:0002659975000224.55510.1002/ijc.24312 7lF|?1rEccles, M. P. Hawthorne, G. Johnston, M. Hunter, M. Steen, N. Francis, J. Hrisos, S. Elovainio, M. Grimshaw, J. M.2009Improving the delivery of care for patients with diabetes through understanding optimised team work and organisation in primary careImplementation Science4ArticleAprBackground: Type 2 diabetes is an increasingly prevalent chronic illness and is an important cause of avoidable mortality. Patients are managed by the integrated activities of clinical and non-clinical members of the primary care team. Studies of the quality of care for patients with diabetes suggest less than optimum care in a number of areas. Aim: The aim of this study is to improve the quality of care for patients with diabetes cared for in primary care in the UK by identifying individual, team, and organisational factors that predict the implementation of best practice. Design: Participants will be clinical and non-clinical staff within 100 general practices sampled from practices who are members of the MRC General Practice Research Framework. Self-completion questionnaires will be developed to measure the attributes of individual health care professionals, primary care teams (including both clinical and non-clinical staff), and their organisation in primary care. Questionnaires will be administere Rpic correlations. Conclusions: The genetic contribution to BMI is strong during adolescence, and it mainly explains BMI phenotypic correlations across adolescence. Common environmental factors have an effect on BMI during early adolescence, but that effect disappears by late adolescence. International Journal of Obesity (2009) 33, 559-567; doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.51; published online 31 March 2009://000265889700007bLajunen, H-R Kaprio, J. Keski-Rahkonen, A. Rose, R. J. Pulkkinen, L. Rissanen, A. Silventoinen, K. 0307-0565ISI:0002658897000073.56010.1038/ijo.2009.51 |?0Holl, K. Lundin, E. Surcel, H. M. Grankvist, K. Koskela, P. Dillner, J. Hallmans, G. Wadell, G. Olafsdottir, G. H. Ogmundsdottir, H. M. Pukkala, E. Lehtinen, M. Stattin, P. Lukanova, A.2009Endogenous steroid hormone levels in early pregnancy and risk of testicular cancer in the offspring: A nested case-referent study 2923-2928International Journal of Cancer12412ArticleJunAccording to the leading hypothesis on testicular cancer (TC) etiology exposure to a specific pattern of steroid hormones in utero, in particular, to high levels of estrogens and low levels of androgens is the major determinant of TC risk in the offspring. We performed a case-referent study nested within Finnish, Swedish and Icelandic maternity cohorts exploiting early pregnancy serum samples to evaluate the role of maternal endogenous steroid hormones with regard to the risk of TC. TC cases and referents were aged between 0 and 25 years. For each case-index mother pair, three or four matched referent-referent mother pairs Were identified using national population registries. First trimester or early second trimester sera were retrieved from the index mothers of 73 TC cases and 286 matched referent mothers, and were tested for dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS), androstenedione, testosterone, estradiol, estrone, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG,). Offspring of mothers with high DHEAS levels had a significantly decreased risk of TC (OR for highest vs. lowest DHEAS quartile, 0.18 (95% CI 0.06-0.58). In contrast, offspring of mothers With high androstenedione levels had ail increased risk of TC (OR 4.1; 95% CI 1.2-12.0). High maternal total estradiol level also tended to be associated with an increased risk of TC in the offspring (OR 32; 95 ^utyric acid as end products of fermentation. The G+C content of the DNA of the type strain is 46 mol%. The type strain of Prevotella micans is E7.56(T) (=DSM 21469(T) =CCUG 56105(T)).://000265901700025ADownes, Julia Liu, Minchuan Kononen, Eija Wade, William G. Part 4 1466-5026ISI:0002659017000252.38410.1099/ijs.0.002337-0a|?/dLajunen, H. R. Kaprio, J. Keski-Rahkonen, A. Rose, R. J. Pulkkinen, L. Rissanen, A. Silventoinen, K.2009pGenetic and environmental effects on body mass index during adolescence: a prospective study among Finnish twins559-567 International Journal of Obesity335ArticleMaygObjective: To study genetic and environmental factors affecting body mass index (BMI) and BMI phenotypic correlations across adolescence. Design: Prospective, population-based, twin cohort study. Participants and methods: We used twin modeling in 2413 monozygotic and same-sex and opposite-sex dizygotic Finnish twin pairs born in 1983-1987 and assessed using self-report questionnaires at 11-12, 14 and 17 years of age. Results: Heritability of BMI was estimated to be 0.58-0.69 among 11-12- and 14-year-old boys and girls, 0.83 among 17-year-old boys and 0.74 among 17-year-old girls. Common environmental effects shared by siblings were 0.15-0.24 among 11-12- and 14-year-old boys and girls but no longer discernible at 17 years of age. Unique environmental effects were 0.15-0.23. Additive genetic factors explained 90-96% of the BMI phenotypic correlations across adolescence, whereas unique environmental factors explained the rest. Common environment had no effect on BMI phenoty  Henriksson, M.2009yPremorbid Personality Factors in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: Results From a Large Cohort Study of Male Conscripts418-423Journal of Abnormal Psychology1182ArticleMayEThe present study explored the premorbid personality traits Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Disinhibition in individuals later diagnosed with psychotic disorders. Results on personality questionnaires and intellectual performance tests were obtained for 213,443 apparently healthy male subjects (mean age: 20.1 years) conscripted into the Finnish Defence Forces during the period 1982-1987. Linkage with the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register (mean follow-up time: 14.1 years, SD = 1.7) identified conscripts later diagnosed with schizophrenia (N = 1,328), bipolar disorder (N = 98), or other psychoses (N = 456). Both before and after controlling for intellectual performance, high Neuroticism predicted future onset of schizophrenia and other psychoses, and high Extraversion predicted future onset of bipolar disorder. The data of the present research showed for the 1st time that premorbid personality traits predict heightened risk for psychotic disorders beyond intellectual performance and also showed for the 1st time an association between premorbid Extraversion and bipolar disorder.://000265893300016Lonnqvist, Jan-Erik Verkasalo, Markku Haukka, Jari Nyman, Kai Tiihonen, Jari Laaksonen, Ilmo Leskinen, Jukka Lonnqvist, Jouko Henriksson, Markus 0021-843XISI:0002658933000164.68410.1037/a0015127CX|?.-Downes, J. Liu, M. C. Kononen, E. Wade, W. G.2009>Prevotella micans sp nov., isolated from the human oral cavity771-774AInternational Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology59ArticleAprFour strains of anaerobic Gram-negative bacilli isolated from the human mouth were characterized using a variety of phenotypic and genotypic tests. The strains were found to comprise a homogeneous group and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed them to be distinct from but related to a loose cluster of Prevotella species including Prevotella buccalis, Prevotella nanceiensis and Prevotella marshii. A novel species, Prevotella micans sp. nov., is proposed to accommodate these strains. Prevotella micans is saccharolytic and produces acetic, isovaleric and succinic acids and minor amounts of isob :ing by indicator. The positive trend on diminishing socioeconomic differences found in the 1990s seems to have come to an end.://000266045100004TGissler, M. Rahkonen, O. Arntzen, A. Cnattingius, S. Andersen, A-M Nybo Hemminki, E. 0143-005XISI:0002660451000042.95610.1136/jech.2008.079921w|?-xLonnqvist, J. E. Verkasalo, M. Haukka, J. Nyman, K. Tiihonen, J. Laaksonen, I. Leskinen, J. Lonnqvist, J. %D|?,TGissler, M. Rahkonen, O. Arntzen, A. Cnattingius, S. Andersen, A. M. N. Hemminki, E.2009ITrends in socioeconomic differences in Finnish perinatal health 1991-2006420-425,Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health636ArticleJun_Background: Socioeconomic differences in perinatal health decreased in Finland in the late 1990s. Whether the decreasing socioeconomic differences in perinatal health observed in Finland in the late 1990s have continued in 2000-6 was studied. Methods: The data were based on 965 443 births and 931 285 singletons recorded between 1991 and 2006 in the Finnish Medical Birth Register. Information on socioeconomic position was based on maternal occupation. Perinatal health was measured with six different indicators. Results: The proportions of preterm, low birthweight and SGA (small-for-gestational-age) births remained stable during the study period, but decreased for LGA (large-for-gestational-age) births and perinatal death. After adjustment for maternal background variables, the socioeconomic differences in preterm and low-birthweight births decreased in the late 1990s and remained low thereafter. In 2003-6, blue-collar workers had a 14% (95% CI 7% to 22%) higher risk for preterm birth and a 25% (95% CI 16% to 34%) higher risk for low birthweight than upper white-collar workers. For SGA, the socioeconomic differences remained unchanged, and the excess risk for blue-collar workers was 44% (95% CI 31% to 58%) in 2003-6. For LGA, the socioeconomic differences increased, and the highest excess risks were obtained among lower white-collar (23%, 95% CI 15% to 33%) and blue-collar workers (24%, 95% CI 14% to 36%). The differences in perinatal mortality decreased until the late 1990s, but increased thereafter. In 2003-6, lower white-collar and blue-collar workers had the highest excess risks: 46% (95% CI 20% to 77%) and 44% (95% CI 13% to 83%), respectively. Conclusions: The trends in social inequality in perinatal health outcomes were divergA|?+Olomon, A. S. Kareholt, I. Ngandu, T. Wolozin, B. MacDonald, S. W. S. Winblad, B. Nissinen, A. Tuomilehto, J. Soininen, H. Kivipelto, M.2009FSerum total cholesterol, statins and cognition in non-demented elderly 1006-1009Neurobiology of Aging306ArticleJunBackground: The association between serum total cholesterol (TC), lipid-lowering drugs and cognition in the elderly is currently controversial. Objective: To investigate the relationship between TC, lipid-lowering drugs and cognitive functions in non-demented elderly. Design and Setting: Participants of the Cardiovascular risk factors, aging and dementia (CAIDE) study were derived from random, population-based samples previously studied in 1972, 1977, 1982 or 1987. Analyses are based on 1382 non-demented participants re-examined in 1998 after an average follow-up of 21 years. Results: High midlife TC was associated with poorer late-life episodic memory and category fluency. TC decreased in most individuals over time. A more pronounced decrease was related to poorer late-life episodic memory and psychomotor speed, but not if subjects used statins. Conclusions: The TC-cognition relationship seems bidirectional. High midlife TC is associated with poorer late-life cognition, but decreasing TC after midlife may reflect poorer cognitive status. Statins may be beneficial for cognition in non-demented elderly. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.://000266062300015Olomon, A. S. Kareholt, I. Ngandu, T. Wolozin, B. MacDonald, S. W. S. Winblad, B. Nissinen, A. Tuomilehto, J. Soininen, H. Kivipelto, M. 0197-4580ISI:0002660623000155.607$10.1016/j.neurobio usan Rossin, Elizabeth Hu, Xinli Ashley, Charles W. Choy, Edwin Rioux, John D. Pericak-Vance, Margaret A. Ivinson, Adrian Booth, David R. Stewart, Graeme J. Palotie, Aarno Peltonen, Leena Dubois, Benedicte Haines, Jonathan L. Weiner, Howard L. Compston, Alastair Hauser, Stephen L. Daly, Mark J. Reich, David Oksenberg, Jorge R. Hafler, David A. 0027-8424ISI:0002647906000579.59810.1073/pnas.0813310106 , ֬|?*De Jager, P. L. Baecher-Allan, C. Maier, L. M. Arthur, A. T. Ottoboni, L. Barcellos, L. McCauley, J. L. Sawcer, S. Goris, A. Saarela, J. Yelensky, R. Price, A. Leppa, V. Patterson, N. de Bakker, P. I. W. Tran, D. Aubin, C. Pobywajlo, S. Rossin, E. Hu, X. L. Ashley, C. W. Choy, E. Rioux, J. D. Pericak-Vance, M. A. Ivinson, A. Booth, D. R. Stewart, G. J. Palotie, A. Peltonen, L. Dubois, B. Haines, J. L. Weiner, H. L. Compston, A. Hauser, S. L. Daly, M. J. Reich, D. Oksenberg, J. R. Hafler, D. A.20090The role of the CD58 locus in multiple sclerosis 5264-5269OProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America10613ArticleMarMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system associated with demyelination and axonal loss. A whole genome association scan suggested that allelic variants in the CD58 gene region, encoding the costimulatory molecule LFA-3, are associated with risk of developing MS. We now report additional genetic evidence, as well as resequencing and fine mapping of the CD58 locus in patients with MS and control subjects. These efforts identify a CD58 variant that provides further evidence of association with MS (P = 1.1 x 10(-6), OR 0.82) and the single protective effect within the CD58 locus is captured by the rs2300747(G) allele. This protective rs2300747G allele is associated with a dose-dependent increase in CD58 mRNA expression in lymphoblastic cell lines (P = 1.1 x 10(-10)) and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from MS subjects (P = 0.0037). This protective effect of enhanced CD58 expression on circulating mononuclear cells in patients with MS is supported by finding that CD58 mRNA expression is higher in MS subjects during clinical remission. Functional investigations suggest a potential mechanism whereby increases in CD58 expression, mediated by the protective allele, up-regulate the expression of transcription factor FoxP3 through engagement of the CD58 receptor, CD2, leading to the enhanced function of CD4(+)CD25(high) regulatory T cells that are defective in subjects with MS.://000264790600057tDe Jager, Philip L. Baecher-Allan, Clare Maier, Lisa M. Arthur, Ariel T. Ottoboni, Linda Barcellos, Lisa McCauley, Jacob L. Sawcer, Stephen Goris, An Saarela, Janna Yelensky, Roman Price, Alkes Leppa, Virpi Patterson, Nick de Bakker, Paul I. W. Tran, Dong Aubin, Cristin Pobywajlo, S ftion of dopaminergic neurotransmission through presynaptic DA reuptake. Objective This study investigated whether DAT1 genetic variation was associated with either alcohol consumption behavior or alcohol dependence in a Finnish cohort. Methods Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms and a frequently studied 3'-untranslated region 40-bp variable number tandem repeat were genotyped in unrelated male Finnish participants selected from alcoholism clinical treatment facilities (n=104), or through the Finnish Population Register (n=201). All participants completed the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test. Main results We found significant evidence that the synonymous exon 2 rs6350 variant was positively associated with both alcohol consumption behavior (P=0.0004) and problem drinking (G allele, odds ratio: 3.63, 95% confidence interval: 1.22-10.78). A second single nucleotide polymorphism, rs463379 (intron 4), was negatively associated with alcohol dependence (A allele, odds ratio: 0.61, 95% confidence interval: 0.39-0.94). However, two-locus haplotypic analysis of rs6350-rs463379 did not further increase the strength of association with the quantitative Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test score trait (P=0.0024). Conclusion The present findings suggest that DAT1 genetic variation influences drinking behavior in our Finnish population, where the rs6350 A and rs463379 G alleles provide a protective role against high alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence, respectively. A systematic search for DAT1 variants that affect gene function or expression in the Finnish and other populations is warranted. Psychiatr Genet 19:117-125 (C) 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health vertical bar Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.://000265952100002;Lind, Penelope A. Eriksson, C. J. Peter Wilhelmsen, Kirk C. 0955-8829ISI:0002659521000022.25710.1097/YPG.0b013e32832a4f7b ociation between harmful alcohol consumption behavior and dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene polymorphisms in a male Finnish population117-125Psychiatric Genetics193ArticleJunBackground Ethanol-induced dopamine (DA) release in the mesolimbic system may reinforce excessive alcohol intake and the progression of alcohol dependence. Within this reward system, the DA transporter (DAT1) plays a key role in the regula  induration in 13.6% vs. 8.6%, and pain in 54.4% vs. 47.2% of 11PCV and placebo infants, respectively, after the first dose of the vaccine. Redness at injection site was significantly more common with 11PCV than placebo infants after the third dose (13.6% vs. 3.2%, p = 0.005). Crying (53.6% vs. 48%), irritability (48% vs. 46.4%), and fever (22.4% vs. 19.6%) were commonly observed in 11PCV and placebo infants, respectively, after the first dose. Loss of appetite was significantly more common among 11PCV (12%) than placebo (4.7%) infants but only after the first dose of the vaccine (P=0.04). The number of reactions decreased in both groups with subsequent doses. The non-adjuvanted 11PCV vaccine was found to be well-tolerated among Filipino infants. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd.://000266119900016lUgpo, Juanita Lucero, Marilla Williams, Gail Lechago, Marites Nillos, Leilani Tallo, Veronica Nohynek, Hanna 0264-410XISI:0002661199000163.37710.1016/j.vaccine.2008.10.026|?&zPesonen, A. Katri, R. Matthews, K. Heinonen, K. Paavonen, J. Lahti, J. Komsi, N. Strandberg, T. Kajantie, E. Jarvenpaa, A.2009*PRENATAL ORIGINS OF POOR SLEEP IN CHILDREN0290Sleep32Meeting Abstract://000265542000292Pesonen, A. Katri, R. Matthews, K. Heinonen, K. Paavonen, J. Lahti, J. Komsi, N. Strandberg, T. Kajantie, E. Jarvenpaa, A. Suppl. S 0161-8105ISI:0002655420002924.342|?'WTuomilehto, H. Seppa, Y. Gylling, H. Partinen, M. Peltonen, M. Lavigne, G. Uusitupa, M.2009}LIFESTYLE INTERVENTION AS A FIRST LINE TREATMENT FOR PATIENTS WITH MILD OBSTRUCTIVE SLEEP APNEA A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED STUDY0630Sleep32Meeting Abstract://000265542000632`Tuomilehto, H. Seppa, Y. Gylling, H. Partinen, M. Peltonen, M. Lavigne, G. Uusitupa, M. Suppl. S 0161-8105ISI:0002655420006324.342|?(aMarshall, N. S. Grunstein, R. R. Peltonen, M. Carlsson, L. M. Hedner, J. Stenlof, K. Sjostrom, L.2009uSELF-REPORTED SLEEP APNEA IS A POOR PROGNOSTIC FACTOR FOR MOARTLITY IN PATIENTS FROM THE SWEDISH OBESE SUBJECTS STUDY0635Sleep32Meeting Abstract://000265542000637jMarshall, N. S. Grunstein, R. R. Peltonen, M. Carlsson, L. M. Hedner, J. Stenlof, K. Sjostrom, L. Suppl. S 0161-8105ISI:0002655420006374.342 bK||?)0Lind, P. A. Eriksson, C. J. P. Wilhelmsen, K. C.2009Ass . 7-12% of the 11PCV recipients had spontaneous antibody increases to serotypes 613, 23F. and 14 between the two sampling points. These serotypes were common in nasopharyngeal samples of the infants. Conclusion: The 11PCV demonstrated good immunogenicity after three doses and persistence of antibodies at least up to 9.5 months of age, comparable to other PCVs that have been evaluated for efficacy against radiologically defined pneumonia in other Populations. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.://000266119900010iSoininen, Anu Nohynek, Hanna Lucero, Marilla Jousimies, Kaisa Ugpo, Juanita Williams, Gail Kayhty, Helena 0264-410XISI:0002661199000103.37710.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.0598|?%MUgpo, J. Lucero, M. Williams, G. Lechago, M. Nillos, L. Tallo, V. Nohynek, H.2009Reactogenicity and tolerability of a non-adjuvanted 11-valent diphtheria-tetanus toxoid pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Filipino children 2723-2729Vaccine2720ArticleMayIn a phase three randomized, double-blind, saline-placebo controlled study conducted in Bohol, Philippines, we assessed the reactogenicity of an 11-valent PCV (11PCV) when given simultaneously with EPI vaccines at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age in a subset of 252 and 126 children who were followed-up by passive and active surveillance, respectively. In passive Surveillance (parents' observation), redness was observed in 14.4% vs. 11.8%, swelling in 8% vs. 3.9%, |?$RSoininen, A. Nohynek, H. Lucero, M. Jousimies, K. Ugpo, J. Williams, G. Kayhty, H.2009IgG antibody concentrations after immunization with 11-valent mixed-carrier pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in efficacy trial against pneumonia among Filipino infants 2680-2688Vaccine2720ArticleMayBackground: Pneumococcal pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Efficacy of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) in reducing childhood pneumonia has been estimated in four double-blind, randomized, controlled trials. An investigational 11-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (11PCV) had an efficacy of 22.9% against radiologically defined pneumonia during first 2 years of life in Filipino infants. We report here the immunogenecity of the vaccine in a nested study of 1111 infants randomized 1:1 to receive 11PCV or placebo scheduled to be given according to the National EPI Program at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age. Methods: IgG antibody concentrations to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides were measured by a standardized enzyme immuno-assay in serum samples drawn post-3rd dose for peak antibody response and at the time of measles vaccination at 9 months of age for persistence of the antibodies. Results: The geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) of antibodies were significantly higher in 11PCV than in placebo recipients against vaccine serotypes at both sampling points. One month post-3rd dose, 93-100% of 11PCV recipients had >= 0.35 mu g/ml for 9 serotypes, 76% for 6B, and 87% for 23F. The same proportions varied between 24% and 97% at 9.5 months of age due to antibody decrease. GMC to vaccine-related serotype 19A, but not to 6A, was higher in 11PCV than in placebo recipients=d cessation, but less likely to have received cessation advice than older smokers. Discussion This study provides baseline smoking data for rural health monitoring and identifies intervention opportunities. General practice is suited to implement interventions for smoking prevention and cessation at every patient encounter, particularly in younger individuals.://000265885500020Chapman, Anna Bunker, Stephen Dunbar, James Philpot, Benjamin McNamara, Kevin Baird, Andrew Vartiainen, Erkki Laatikainen, Tiina Janus, Edward 0300-8495ISI:000265885500020 7.x [doi]Eng -00023 [pii]eng 0033-8 [doi]EngPKr:I/**refs.FRM 0B< !// !HPRIMARYyearIndex 6ByP/) idreference_type text_stylesauthoryear title pages secondary_title volume numbernumber_of_volumessecondary_authorplace_published publishersubsidiary_authoredition keywords type_of_workdate2)  abstractlabelurltertiary_titletertiary_author notes isbn custom_1 custom_2 custom_3 custom_4alternate_titleaccession_number call_number short_title custom_5 custom_6sectionoriginal_publicationH) reprint_editionreviewed_itemauthor_addressimagecaption custom_7 electronic_resource_number link_to_pdf translated_author translated_titlename_of_databasedatabase_providerresearch_notes language access_datelast_modified_date !! 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