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Synopsis on dioxins and PCBs
Tables and figures
Belgian PCB incident - risk evaluation
Figure 1. / See text.
body burden Figure
2. / See text.
chemical structures Figures
3-5. / See text.
PCDD/F - acute toxicity Table
1. / See text.
PCDD/F - elimination Table
2. / See text.
PCDD/F - sources Figures
6-7. / See text.
PCDD/F - toxicity in animals Table
3. / See text.
TEF Table 4.
/ See text.
TEq Figure 8.
/ See text.
units Table 5.
/ See text.
PCDD/F - acute toxicity
Table 1. Acute toxicity
(measured as median lethal dose) of TCDD in animal species and strains.
The LD50 values (see this) are based on the administered dose in mammals
and birds and measured concentrations in fish.
| Species
(strain) |
LD50 (mg/kg)
|
| Lake
trout sack fry |
0.000074 |
| Guinea
pig |
0.002 |
| Zebra
fish sack fry |
0.0025 |
| Rat
(Long-Evans) |
0.018 |
| Chicken |
<0.025 |
| Rat
(Sprague-Dawley) |
0.06 |
| Rabbit |
0.115 |
| Mouse
(C57BL/6) |
0.182 |
| Mouse
(DBA/2) |
2.57 |
| Hamster |
>3 |
| Rat
(Han/Wistar) |
>10 |
PCDD/F - elimination.
Table 2. Elimination
half-lives of the most important PCDD/Fs.
| Congener |
Half-life, years
|
2,3,7,8-TCDD
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD
1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD
OCDD
2,3,7,8-TCDF
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF
2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF
1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF
2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF
OCDF |
6 – 10
9 – 16
8
13 – >70
5 – 9
3 – 7
6 – 7
0 – 4
0.9
5 – 20
3 – 6
4 – 6
?
2 – 6
3 – 7
3
0.2 – 2
|
PCDD/F - toxicity in animals.
Table 3. Some toxic and
biochemical effects after TCDD, and body burdens related to the effects.
Some of the data are based on the results of a single study.
| Effect |
Species |
Body
burden (ng/kg b.w.) |
|
Adverse (toxic) effects
|
| Immunological
(viral sensitivity) |
Mouse |
10
(LOEL) |
| Developmental
neurotoxicity (object learning) |
Rhesus
monkey |
42
(LOEL) (maternal) |
| Reproductive
toxicity (decreased sperm count) |
Rat |
64
(LOEL) (foetal) |
| Hormonal
(endometriosis) |
Rhesus
monkey |
69
(LOEL) |
| Chloracne |
Human |
95
– 3000 |
| Tumour
promotion |
Rat |
2500 |
| Thyroid
hormone (T4) decrease |
Rat |
3000
(ED50) |
| Immunotoxicity
(thymus atrophy) |
Rat |
5000
(ED50) |
| Wasting
syndrome |
Rat |
5000
(ED50) |
|
Biochemical effects
|
| EGF
receptor induction |
Rat |
3
(LOEL) |
| IL1beta
expression increase |
Mouse |
10
(LOEL) |
| CYP1A1
enzyme induction |
Mouse
Rat |
23
(LOEL)
300 (ED50) |
LOEL: lowest observed effect
level; ED50: median effective dose (causes 50 % of maximum effect). Data
from e.g. WHO-ECEH/IPCS, 1998; DeVito et al., Environ Health Persp 103:
820-831, 1995.
TEF.
Table 4. Toxic equivalency
factors for all PCDD/Fs and PCBs that have a TEF>0. Other congeners are
not supposed to have dioxin-like effects. IUPAC numbers for PCBs are given
in parenthesis.
| Congener |
WHO-TEF |
PCDDs
2,3,7,8-TCDD
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD
1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDD
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD
OCDD |
1
1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.01
0.0001 |
PCDFs
2,3,7,8-TCDF
1,2,3,7,8-PeCDF
2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF
1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDF
1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDF
1,2,3,7,8,9-HxCDF
2,3,4,6,7,8-HxCDF
1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF
1,2,3,4,7,8,9-HpCDF
OCDF |
0.1
0.05
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.01
0.01
0.0001 |
Non-ortho-PCBs
3,3’,4,4’-TCB (77)
3,4,4’,5-TCB (81)
3,3’,4,4’,5-PeCB (126)
3,3’,4,4’,5,5’-HxCB
(169) |
0.0001
0.0001
0.1
0.01 |
Mono-ortho-PCBs
2,3,3’,4,4’-PeCB (105)
2,3,4,4’,5-PeCB (114)
2,3’,4,4’,5-PeCB (118)
2’,3,4,4’,5-PeCB (123)
2,3,3’,4,4’,5-HxCB (156)
2,3,3’,4,4’,5’-HxCB
(157)
2,3’,4,4’,5,5’-HxCB
(167)
2,3,3’,4,4’,5,5’-HpCB
(189) |
0.0001
0.0005
0.0001
0.0001
0.0005
0.0005
0.00001
0.0001 |
units.
Table 5. Weight units.
| 1
kg (kilogram) |
1000
g |
103
g |
| 1
g (gram) |
1
g |
100
g |
| 1
mg (milligram) |
0.001
g |
10-3
g |
| 1
µg (microgram) |
0.000,001
g |
10-6
g |
| 1
ng (nanogram) |
0.000,000,001
g |
10-9
g |
| 1
pg (picogram) |
0.000,000,000,001
g |
10-12
g |
| 1
fg (femtogram) |
0.000,000,000,000,001
g |
10-15
g |
Belgian PCB incident -
risk evaluation.
Figure 1. Modelled increase in the body
burden of a person who consumes continuosly the worst-contaminated chicken
from Belgian chicken incident. A, six-month follow-up; B, 70-year follow-up.
Assumptions: half-life: 8.6 years, body fat content: 15 kg, PCDD/F concentration
in chicken: 1000 ng/kg (TEq in fat), chicken fat content: 15 % (per wet
weight).
body burden.
Figure 2. PCDD/F body burden in some countries
measured from human milk samples of primipara mothers. (Data from the second
round of WHO-coordinated exposure study, 1993.)
chemical structures.
Figure 3. Structures of biphenyl and PCB.
Figure 4. Structures of dibenzo-p-dioxin
and TCDD.
Figure 5. Structure of PeCDF.
PCDD/F - sources.
Figure 6. Emission sources of PCDD/Fs in
United Kingdom in 1995 (I-TEq). The total emissions are 630 – 3400 g/year
(I-TEq).
Figure 7. Different food items as sources
of PCDD/Fs in some European countries. A time series from 1982 to 1992
is presented from United Kingdom. King & Fiedler, AEA Technology (1999)
DRAFT Compilation of EU Dioxin Exposure and Health Data, Section 4 Human
Exposure.
TEq.
Figure 8. Congener profile of human milk
samples (17 dioxin-like PCDD/Fs). A, weight basis (describes the amount);
B WHO-TEq basis (describes the toxic potency).
Contents of the Synopsis
Synopsis main page
Information on the publication
General introduction
Burning produces dioxins
Dioxins and some PCBs cause multiple
toxic effects.
Dioxins and PCBs accumulate in
the human body.
Risk assessment is tricky.
Common sources of errors and practical
difficulties.
Encyclopedia
from A to C
from D to O
from P to Q
from R to Z
Tables and figures
Version 0.2
updated 17.9.1999 Jouni Tuomisto
KTL
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